title: Here’s what I ended up with:

text:
Here’s what I ended up with:
And here’s how I did it…
You need to snip the cable tie at the back of the furby, along the bottom edge of the fur. After that there are a few blobs of glue and stitches to overcome (especially around the face). You’ll also need to unscrew the faceplate from the main body shell.
Once the fur is gone, removing a few more screws lets you get to the interesting stuff.
You’ll need to unscrew the speaker on the belly and also the three inside the battery compartment in order to lift the main lump of furby off the black base, turn it over (be careful of breaking the wiring) and reveal the main circuit board.
I didn’t explore the board for bends too much – I’ve killed a few to many toys recently to want to risk it with this one too… I stuck with the bend points outlined in the tutorials I linked to at the top of this post: 1 glitch, one loop and a common = 3 wires needing to be soldered onto the board.
Connecting the red, common, wire to either of the black ones produces the relevant bend.
I originally wired the bends up as per the circuit bent tutorial, but this wasn’t really working for me: the switches needed to be in particular positions in order to get any life in the furby. I think part of the problem might also have been some of the original wiring coming loose around the battery compartment.
The second attempt is the one I stuck with.
I wired the common to one leg of a push-to-make switch, and then from that same leg to a leg on another push-to-make. I then connected the glitch and the bend wires to one each of the remaining switch legs.
This worked, but I was still having to press the furby’s various switches to activate the noises I wanted to bend. I wanted to be able to control these remotely too so I added wiring and more push-to-make switches to both the belly and back switches.
The belly switch is easy enough to wire up – simply unscrew the front panel of the existing switch, remove the wires and then add your own stuff into the circuit.
The switch on the back was a bit more difficult…
Access was a lot more cramped than with the previous contacts I’d had to solder to, I had to bend up the uppermost contact so as to be able to reach the lower one. Also, I think the contacts are made from steel, so they don’t bond to the solder very easily (also there was no solder already on the contacts). I had to put a lot of heat into the lower contact to eventually get some solder to stick to it. I consider myself lucky I didn’t fry whatever’s underneath! There were times when I seriously considered using a clip or some tape to hold the wire in place instead, but fortunately I got away with the soldering!
I wanted to keep the furby casing in its open, robotic state, so I remoted all the new switches and housed them in a casing from a mobile phone toy from a poundshop (one of the items kindly donated by attendees of the noobs session!)
The switches that operate the belly and back switches are small enough that if they’re aligned with the slots on the underside of the phone lid, the phone can still be shut normally. Nice! The two, larger, switches on the side are what trigger the bends and the slide switch is a power switch added between one of the wires that come from the battery compartment and the circuit board.
I originally tried covering the mobile phone in the fur from the furby, but it was just WRONG. Now just painted black. Aaaaaalllllllllllll fiiiiiiiiine.


tier: polar

shelf: software-docs

title: Xirsys access token api

text:
A serverless API endpoint for securely providing TURN access to WebRTC clients.
Xirsys is one of the few original pioneers of WebRTC infrastructure with their TURN Server offerings. Today, they've extended their services to custom installation and hosting of practically all the possible WebRTC servers in the world including Jitsi video bridge, Janus video room, Medooze, LiveSwitch, and Kurento media server. With a footprint in 11 data centers across the world, they are the most versatile and reliable WebRTC hosting solution on the market.
Xirsys is built upon patented technology providing a distributed deployment architecture for advanced reliability, scalability and extendability. This creates superior uptime and allows for arbitrary 3rd party software to quickly become part of the Xirsys service and accessible through the API.
How It Works
The Xirsys function endpoint substitutes a web server for providing WebRTC clients with tokens for TURN provider access. Conventionally, a website's server will be the secure granter of access, by providing temporary access tokens to clients. This way, malicious app developers cannot hijack your company's Xirsys account, racking up video streaming bandwidth on your Xirsys bill.
PubNub Functions takes the web server hosting component out of the equation for the equation for the developer, by making the service serverless. Think of this custom API as a microservice, hosted in the cloud, that can be deployed instantly with the click of a button.
The Xirsys endpoint you deploy with PubNub Functions provides two REST actions:
- A GET route that returns a temporary token (60 minute TTL). A client can request Xirsys credentials for up to 1 hour after they retrieve a token.
- A PUT route that returns a list of ICE servers and temporary credentials from Xirsys. The client must provide a valid token to this route. The token distribution and TTL is handled entirely by the PubNub Functions KV Store.
Before deploying, you must:
Sign up for a Xirsys account
Get your Xirsys channel, ident, and secret from the Xirsys dashboard
Login or Register to Admin Portal
Select your desired App and Keyset
Select "Explore Templates" and proceed with selected integration.
Add API Key and channel
Make sure the event type is "On Request"
Click the copy URL button and paste the URL into your client application code
Read this WebRTC with Xirsys tutorial for a more in-depth walkthrough.
The GET and PUT HTTP requests can be made to the Function endpoint URL. The get request returns a 1-hour life token, which can be used to make a PUT request to the same API. The PUT request will return WebRTC TURN server access credentials for Xirsys.
The PUT request will return WebRTC TURN server access credentials for Xirsys. For more on web development with these credentials, take a look at the MDN website documentation on WebRTC and TURN.


tier: cub

shelf: health

text:
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They are hand-made in our French factory enriched during the production process with bio-information*. Using biophysical methods and devices, the Zurich-based institute for Bio-information has been developing highly structured regenerative information patterns for years. These patterns are obtained from plants, precious stones, metals, minerals, trace elements as well as inert gases, fermenting substances and more.
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shelf: finance

title: Us stocks bonds sink as debt fears caused by trump persist

text:
US stocks, the US dollar, and bonds all took a hit during Thursday’s trading session as economic uncertainty grows. The Dow closed lower by 1.91%. The broader S&P 500 slid 1.61% and the tech-heavy Nasdaq Composite fell 1.41%. Each of those performances were the worst for each index in the past month. Most US stocks also dipped on Thursday.
The fall was attributed to weak demand at an auction for 20-year Treasury notes. The Treasury sold $16 billion worth of 20-year bonds, and the auction settled with a 20-year Treasury yield above 5%, signaling investors are demanding higher rates to hold US debt. The weak demand for US Treasuries also comes as Wall Street is already fretting over the potential for President Donald Trump’s “big, beautiful” tax bill.
The bill is expected to do more harm than good: adding to the deficit and put pressure on the federal debt burden at a time when there is heightened uncertainty about the safe-haven status of American assets.
US Stock Pressure Grows
Additionally, the higher bond yields can also entice investors and pull them away from other assets, putting pressure on the stock market. With republicans looking to advance that tax bill, stocks ended Thursday lower. Chip Hughey, managing director for fixed income at Truist Advisory Services, says, “Recent budget deliberations in Washington are not offering global investors much solace that these challenges are being incorporated into the decision-making process.”
The past week was a good one for the stock market, but that ended on Tuesday after six days in the green. Correspondingly, Wall Street’s fear gauge, the CBOE Volatility Index, has risen more than 15%. The US dollar index, which measures the dollar’s strength against six major foreign currencies, slid 0.5% as well, causing concerns for the future of the USD, which already faces foreign resistance.


shelf: education

text:
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shelf: home-craft

title: Make these desserts at home

text:
Want to sweeten your day with homemade desserts? Or maybe you need to bring something to a potluck. This collection of treats is ideal for any occasion, offering everything from classic cakes and fruity pies to quick snacks. Skip the store-bought versions and enjoy making these delicious desserts at home!
Pumpkin Latte Ice Cream
Want to save this recipe?
Satisfy your craving for Pumpkin Spice Latte with this delightful frozen treat! Pumpkin Spice Latte Ice Cream captures the essence of fall in a bowl, offering all the warm flavors without the heat.
Get the Recipe: Pumpkin Latte Ice Cream
Strawberry Cake with Strawberry Buttercream
Dive into the freshness of spring with this homemade Strawberry Cake. Moist and tender, it’s a delightful spring dessert to sweeten up your gatherings.
Get the Recipe: Strawberry Cake with Strawberry Buttercream
Coconut Cupcakes With Coconut Buttercream Frosting
Calling all coconut lovers! These Coconut Cupcakes are a tropical twist on a classic treat. Easy to make, they deliver moist, satisfying bites topped with luscious Coconut Buttercream Frosting. Perfect for elevating your spring dessert game without the hassle.
Get the Recipe: Coconut Cupcakes With Coconut Buttercream Frosting
pple Cake with Cinnamon
This warm Apple Cinnamon Cake is adorned with fresh apple slices, making it a timeless fall treat. Baked in a skillet, it delivers all the seasonal charm directly to your table. It’s simply delightful!
Get the Recipe: Apple Cake with Cinnamon
Chocolate Raspberry Tart
Indulge in this creamy Chocolate Raspberry Tart. With its chocolate shortbread crust and layers of vanilla pastry cream and raspberry, this dessert is a perfect choice for spring gatherings. It’s a must-try springtime dessert that’s easy to make.
Get the Recipe: Chocolate Raspberry Tart
Chocolate Fudge Cake
Indulge in chocolate with this simple layered Chocolate Fudge Cake with chocolate frosting. This cake is baked in a sheet pan and cut into slices then stacked with decadent chocolate fudge icing between the layers. Finally, cut this cake into irresistible thick slices of cake goodness.
Get the Recipe: Chocolate Fudge Cake
Frozen Strawberry Raspberry Cheesecake Mousse
Celebrate berry season with this Frozen Strawberry & Raspberry Cheesecake Mousse. It combines the richness of cheesecake with the freshness of seasonal berries for a cool, creamy dessert alternative. A must-try indulgence to refresh your springtime palate.
Get the Recipe: Frozen Strawberry Raspberry Cheesecake Mousse
Apple Cranberry Galette
Savor the tastes of autumn with this delightful Apple Cranberry Galette. Featuring a tender, flaky crust, it showcases fresh apple slices paired with tangy cranberries, creating a warm and inviting dessert that’s simple to prepare.
Get the Recipe: Apple Cranberry Galette
Lemon Cake Pie
Experience the best of both worlds with this Lemon Cake Pie—a fusion of cake and pie in one delightful dessert. With its fruity, satisfying flavor, it’s a unique twist perfect for springtime indulgence.
Get the Recipe: Lemon Cake Pie
Raspberry Chiffon Cake
Bake this classic Raspberry Chiffon Cake for a delicious springtime dessert option; it’s light, airy, and full of raspberry flavor. Whether for a special occasion or just a simple treat, this cake is guaranteed to enhance your dessert experience with its fluffy texture and delightful taste.
Get the Recipe: Raspberry Chiffon Cake
Cherry Apricot Upside Down Cake
Celebrate the taste of spring stone fruits with this Apricot Cherry Upside Down Cake. Easy to make and delicious to enjoy, it’s a simple yet flavorful addition to your spring table. This cake offers a tasty slice with its tender yellow cake and caramelized cherry and apricot topping.
Get the Recipe: Cherry Apricot Upside Down Cake
Chewy Lemon Iced Cookies
These Chewy Iced Lemon Cookies are a burst of citrusy goodness for the lemon lover. Soft, buttery, and generously iced, they’re perfect for welcoming spring vibes. Bake a batch for a satisfying treat that pairs well with any occasion.
Get the Recipe: Chewy Lemon Iced Cookies
Puff Pastry Fruit Tarts
Transform your dessert experience with Puff Pastry Fruit Tarts. Featuring buttery, flaky layers of pastry topped with your favorite fruits, they’re an unforgettable and easy-to-make dessert option. A delightful addition to your spring repertoire that effortlessly elevates any springtime gathering.
Get the Recipe: Puff Pastry Fruit Tarts
Indulge in the simplicity of this Easy Lemon Ginger Posset with Raspberries. Made with just a few ingredients, it offers a refreshing and indulgent treat for spring. Perfect for lightening up your spring menu, this posset is a favorite dessert to make for springtime.
Get the Recipe: Lemon Posset
No-Fried Ice Cream Balls
Enjoy Mexican-style fried ice cream flavors without the fuss with these No-Fried Ice Cream Balls. Made with only five ingredients, they offer a decadent treat to cool down your springtime cravings. Drizzled with honey cinnamon, they’re a delightful way to satisfy your sweet tooth.
Get the Recipe: No-Fried Ice Cream Balls
Apple Cupcakes with Maple Buttercream
Welcome the autumn season with these delightful Apple Cupcakes adorned with Maple Buttercream. Infused with cinnamon, ginger, and cloves, these comforting cupcakes are the ideal treat for fall.
Get the Recipe: Apple Cupcakes with Maple Buttercream
Sweet Cherry Hand Pies
Savor the charm of handheld desserts with Sweet Cherry Hand Pies. Flaky and filled with fruity goodness, they’re a convenient and delightful treat for any occasion. Whether for snacking or dessert, they add a touch of sweetness to your spring gatherings.
Get the Recipe: Sweet Cherry Hand Pies
Strawberry Rice Krispie Treats
Craft these amazing Strawberry Rice Krispie Treats with just four ingredients. Gooey, fruity, and divinely pink, they’re perfect for snacks and parties. They’re a quick and delightful way to bring a burst of flavor to your gatherings.
Get the Recipe: Strawberry Rice Krispie Treats
Pineapple Coconut Balls
Transport your taste buds to the tropics with Pineapple Coconut Balls. Quick to make, they feature candied pineapple and almonds rolled into shredded coconut—a perfect tropical snack for your spring cravings. Indulge in this quick and tropical escape, bringing a taste of the islands to your dessert table.
Get the Recipe: Pineapple Coconut Balls


shelf: history-culture

text:
Shipping from the State of Texas to Illinois
Spanish missionaries were the earliest European settlers in Texas, founding San Antonio in 1718. Hostile natives and isolation from additional Spanish colonies kept Texas sparsely occupied until following the Revolutionary War and the War of Mexican self-government when the newly established Mexican government began to allow settlers from the U.S. to claim land there. This led to an inhabitant explosion, but dramatically abridged the percentage of the population with Mexican heritage, causing friction with the government in Mexico City.
After some smaller insurrections, the Texas Revolution broke out, and the state became an independent nation in 1836. However, the newly formed Texas Republic was not capable to defend itself from further incursions by Mexican troops and eventually negotiated with the U.S. to join the union in 1845.
Shipping to the State of Texas to Illinois
Chicago, located on Lake Michigan, and connected to the eastern ports via the Erie Canal became a booming metropolis, and even the fire of 1871 could not stunt its growth. In the second half of the 19th century, the great need for workers in the mills, rail yards, and slaughterhouses made Chicago a popular destination for immigrants and freed blacks. During Prohibition Chicago became synonymous with bootleg liquor and gangsters like Al Capone.
After the American Revolution against the British, Illinois became a territory of the United States and achieved statehood in 1818.
Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States. With Chicago in northeastern Illinois, small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state, and natural resources such as coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a diverse economic base and is a major transportation hub. Chicagoland, Chicago’s metropolitan area, encompasses over 65% of the state’s population.
Illinois shares its eastern border with Indiana, Lake Michigan to the north, to the Wabash River in the south above Post Vincennes. Most of the western border with Missouri and Iowa is the Mississippi River; Kaskaskia is an exclave of Illinois, lying west of the Mississippi and reachable only from Missouri. The state has a northern border with Wisconsin. The northeastern border of Illinois lies in Lake Michigan, within which Illinois shares a water boundary with the state of Michigan, as well as Wisconsin and Indiana. The state capital is Springfield.
Illinois took the nickname Prairie State; Land of Lincoln. The state tree is the White Oak and the state flower is the violet. And the state motto is State Sovereignty, National Union.


shelf: civic-law

title: New%20thought

text:
Please prayerfully consider contributing to the ministry of Marcia Montenegro, a full time missionary with Fellowship International Mission (FIM). Fellowship International Mission is an independent mission board located in Allentown, PA.
Before being saved, Marcia was a professional astrologer in the Atlanta area. Since becoming a Christian, Marcia has completed a Masters degree in Religion from Southern Evangelical Seminary (Charlotte, NC). She has also written and contributed to a number of scholarly resources, including Rose Publishing, a wonderful resource that many homeschooling families use. Marcia is the author of the book Spellbound: The Paranormal Seduction of Today's Kids, and is also the creator of the website Christian Answers For the New Age (CANA), a website which contains a wealth of well-researched articles. From the CANA website:
"Before becoming an astrologer, Marcia was involved with various New Age, occult, and Eastern beliefs and practices, including Inner Light Consciousness, Tibetan Buddhism, Zen Buddhism, Hindu teachings and meditation, and psychic development classes. During these years, she also participated in past life regression, numerology, Tarot cards, spirit contact, seances, astral travel, and received a spirit guide through a guided visualization."Marcia is today a highly sought after radio guest on the New Age, New Thought, the occult and many other topics. You can listen to many of her past radio shows here. Marcia's written testimony can be read here.
If you would like to donate to Marcia's ministry, you may do so here. One time gifts or monthly giving in any amount would be deeply appreciated.


shelf: science-engineering

text:
We Need To Stop Thinking That Gravity Is the Result of Mass
This may seem like i am beating a dead horse, but most people argue that the horse is still alive and winning races.
Gravity, being an affect of mass, is something that has never been proven, and has long been disproven, however, Modern Materialistic Science swears that it has been proven, and how dare anyone say different. Or think different.
The problem is that aliens are coming. In their flying vehicles, that float in the air like a brick doesn't. And we really should be understanding by now, how that works. It is actually amazing that we worked out powered flight with a wing as lift, instead of building floating vehicles.
The ideas of building floating platforms is incredibly simple. And there are several ways to achieve it. All known about to ancient humans, and recorded in the Vedas, and other old documents.
But, we do not know about it because we are told, "That cannot work, because gravity is a result of mass". So, instead of being curious when we see anomalies in gravity/mass, or put all the things we know that reduce weight together and study them, we instead are told to not look there, because we are stupid idiots who never went to college and learned "science".
The Cavendish Experiment Failure
After many people tried and failed to explain gravity, Newton did so. (well he was the Grand Pubah, and so what he said goes) And fortunately Newton had an insane, and insanely rich friend, Cavendish, who performed an experiment, and measured the amount of gravity per unit of mass.
The Cavendish Experiment.
Suspend some balls from a wire, measure the torque to twist the wire, and then measure how much the balls (units of mass) pull towards each other. The problem is, the force is so small, that every other force is stronger. So, you have to be no where near the experiment, and read a fraction of an inch/mm in movement.
Cavendish is said to have performed this measurement with a telescope. He is also said to have performed this experiment with balls of gold. The problem is, this doesn't really hold water. A telescope does not measure what you need a micrometer to measure.
And, all those other forces… electro-static forces are WAY larger, and are almost impossible to eliminate. A fly landing on one of the balls would change the electrical potential. The sun's rays hitting one of the balls would change the electric potential. A cloud coming overhead would change the electric potential.
Basically, the only way this worked is if Newton told Cavendish the number to come up with, and Cavendish pretended to come up with the number.
The Cavendish experiment has never been replicated, although all Modern Materialistic scientist declare that it has. If you doubt Cavendish, then it is far easier to work with all the other data that disproves gravity is a result of mass.
The Galactic Failure of Gravity
So, we all know that Newton explained the orbits of the planets around the sun… except for that pesky Mercury. Except, this is bunk. All the planets do not hold to Newton's laws. It is just that the error is really small. Only with Mercury is it really noticeable.
And then, they applied the math to our galaxy, and found out that there is not enough gravity from all the objects to hold the galaxy together. By orders and orders and orders of magnitude, they were off. So, instead of giving up on their god Newton/Einstein, they made up "Dark Matter" and to account for the missing energy "Dark Energy".
No one was allowed to bring up that there might be another force keeping the galaxy together. One that innately explains the spiral shapes that we see. Nope, can't have that. How dare you think outside of the box!
Even with the incredible failure, some say the biggest failure in all of science, the ivory tower people declared that we will fix the Newton/Einstein system, and don't you dare look at any other systems.
Anomalies that exist
- The Tibetans used to hold a practice of levitating and moving rocks using sound. They would gather once a year, and with ancient horns they would make rocks rise up.
- Two scientists in Japan found that rotating gyroscopes up to very high RPMs cause them to lose weight.
- A scientist found that charging a capacitor to very high voltages caused it to float. And now, a lot of young scientists are finding they can make a unequal capacitor fly using voltage. Look up Lifters.
These shouldn't exist, if gravity is a result of mass.
- The measurement of gravity over the earth's surface changes so much that one scientists believes that micro-black-holes exist, and there are some in the earth's crust.
- The measurement of gravity changes depending on if it rained recently or not.
These anomalies shouldn't exist. Mountains are minuscule compared to the stated size of the earth, and should have little impact on gravity. Every place on earth should have a very certain, within a few decimal places, gravity readings. But they don't. And the measurement shouldn't change from a little bit of water, or sun. Not compared to the whole earth pulling on you.
Which is correct? The anomalies or Newton/Einstein?
Floating in the air, like bricks don't
Like i said, we will be visited by many alien craft. And it will be quite embarrassing if we do not even know the basics of how they work.
Further, we have seen these "drones" that come out of the ocean, and hover around for a time that is much longer than any battery, we currently know about, could power them.
And people working with lifters will happen onto some understandings of frequency and the ability to float, and then we will be off to the races. We will see pallet truck/fork lifts, that do not need a big heavy wheeled thing. They just float around, and lift things up to that high shelf.
Of course, soon after this, we will have people making flying vehicles. Probably very dangerous monstrosities, but they will be all over, and no matter how much the Ivory Towers shout that they defy physics, the word will be out. That we can just disregard what the ivory tower sycophants shout.
We've known for a long time gravity doesn't exist. It is time to shout it.


text:
Excel Formula: Lookup Code on Two Sheets and Return Date
A formula that looks up a code on two different sheets and returns a date
A Formula for Excel: Looking Up a Code on Two Sheets and Returning a Date
When working with Excel, it is common to have data spread across multiple sheets. In some cases, you may need to look up a code on two different sheets and return a date. This can be achieved using a combination of the VLOOKUP and IFERROR functions.
The VLOOKUP Function
The VLOOKUP function is a powerful tool in Excel that allows you to search for a value in the first column of a range and return a corresponding value from another column. In this case, we want to search for a code and return a date.
The syntax of the VLOOKUP function is as follows:
VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, range_lookup)
: The value you want to search for (in this case, the code).table_array
: The range of cells that contains the data you want to search in (in this case, the two sheets).col_index_num
: The column number in thetable_array
from which you want to return a value (in this case, the second column containing the date).range_lookup
: A logical value that specifies whether you want an exact match or an approximate match. In this case, we want an exact match, so we set it toFALSE
The IFERROR Function
The IFERROR function is used to handle errors in Excel formulas. It allows you to specify a value or action to take if an error occurs. In this case, we want to handle the scenario where the code is not found in the first sheet and try to find it in the second sheet.
The syntax of the IFERROR function is as follows:
: The formula or value you want to evaluate.value_if_error
: The value or action you want to take if an error occurs.
Putting It All Together
To look up a code on two different sheets and return a date, we can combine the VLOOKUP and IFERROR functions in the following formula:
=IFERROR(VLOOKUP(code, Sheet1!A:B, 2, FALSE), VLOOKUP(code, Sheet2!A:B, 2, FALSE))
This formula first tries to find the code in Sheet1. If it is found, it returns the corresponding date from the second column. If the code is not found in Sheet1, it moves to the next VLOOKUP function and tries to find the code in Sheet2. If the code is found in Sheet2, it returns the corresponding date. If the code is not found in either sheet, it returns an error.
Let’s consider an example to illustrate how this formula works. Suppose we have the following data in Sheet1 and Sheet2:
A | B |
Code1 | Jan 1 |
Code2 | Feb 2 |
Code3 | Mar 3 |
A | B |
Code4 | Apr 4 |
Code5 | May 5 |
If we use the formula to look up the code “Code2”, it will return “Feb 2” as it is found in Sheet1. If we use the formula to look up the code “Code4”, it will return “Apr 4” as it is found in Sheet2.
In this article, we learned how to write an Excel formula that looks up a code on two different sheets and returns a date. By combining the VLOOKUP and IFERROR functions, we can handle scenarios where the code may be present in multiple sheets. This formula can be useful in various situations, such as managing inventory, tracking sales, or analyzing data from different sources. Experiment with different variations of the formula to suit your specific needs and make the most out of Excel’s powerful features.


text:
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Have you been diagnosed with a physical health condition and are looking for ways to cope with it?
Take your first steps to achieve a positive change
I am a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Cognitive Behavioural Therapist (CBT). Over the years I have worked extensively with people coping with different psychological symptoms (such as: worries, general anxiety, stress, OCD, specific phobias, health worries, sleep problems) as well as, people coping with physical health conditions (such as: cancer, diabetes, IBD).
My aim is to help you overcome your hurdles, transform your life into the one you would like to live, and give you the skills and techniques to become your own therapist.
I offer psychological therapy using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), and other psychotherapy approaches. I have diverse experience working with adults coping with different psychological symptoms and physical health conditions.
Over the years I have worked extensively with people coping with depression and anxiety (such as: OCD, health anxiety, general anxiety, social anxiety, phobias) as well as physical health conditions, (such as diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases, to name a few). I have strong theoretical, clinical, and evidence-based knowledge and skills in interventions for physical health conditions, medically unexplained symptoms, and their associated mental health difficulties.
I strongly believe that every client is unique and I adapt the therapy to suit your needs and goals. I am passionate about enabling people to have healthier and happier lives with the benefit of psychological knowledge and practice.
Get in Touch
Let’s discuss things further. Book a free initial 15 minutes phone chat to check whether we would be a good fit to work together.
*In your message, please tell me if you would prefer to be contacted by phone or email, and whether or not you are happy for me to leave a voicemail/text if I can't reach you.
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Service OvervieW - Portfolio Management Services
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Since September 2016 and through a highly sophisticated system, solid and dynamic investment strategies and a highly experienced team which guides the high net-worth individuals and financial institutions, Ostoul Capital's Portfolio Management division was able to build a solid connection built on trust and transparency.
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title: The smart home world and how it s changing

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The smart home world is constantly evolving and changing, offering new and improved ways to automate and control our homes. Here are several ways the smart home world is changing and how it is improving our daily lives.
Advancements in technology: The smart home world is being propelled forward by advancements in technology. The introduction of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms is making it possible to automate more and more household tasks, from adjusting the thermostat to turning on the lights.
Increased affordability: The cost of smart home devices is becoming more affordable, making it possible for more people to adopt smart home technology in their homes. This means that people can enjoy the benefits of smart home automation without breaking the bank.
Integration with other devices: The smart home world is becoming more integrated, with devices from different manufacturers working together seamlessly. For example, smart home devices from Amazon, Google, and Apple can all be integrated to create a fully automated home, making it easier for users to control all their devices from a single app.
Improved security: The smart home world is also becoming more secure, with the introduction of advanced security features like two-factor authentication and encrypted communication. This helps to protect users' personal information and data, giving them peace of mind.
Focus on sustainability: The smart home world is also becoming more focused on sustainability, with devices designed to help reduce energy consumption and save resources. For example, smart thermostats can learn your temperature preferences and automatically adjust to save energy.
In conclusion, the smart home world is changing rapidly, offering new and improved ways to automate and control our homes. From advancements in technology to increased affordability and improved security, the smart home world is making our daily lives easier and more convenient. As the technology continues to evolve, we can expect even more exciting developments in the future.


title: Watch Repair Experts

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title: Benjamin walker to star in american psycho musical coming to a broadway shubert theatre 73630

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The new musical, based on the novel by Bret Easton Ellis, is written by Duncan Sheik and Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa.
Producers have announced that the new musical adaptation of Bret Easton Ellis' novel American Psycho will make its Broadway premiere this season, with previews set to begin February 19, with an official opening on March 21. The show will run at a Shubert Theatre. Benjamin Walker (Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson) will, as expected, lead the cast as Patrick Bateman.
American Psycho has music and lyrics by Tony Award winner Duncan Sheik. (His Spring Awakening, which won a Tony Award for Best Musical in 2007, will hit Broadway again in the coming year.) American Psycho has a book by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa (Spiderman Turn Off the Dark) and choreography by Lynne Page (La Cage Aux Folles). Rupert Goold (King Charles III) directs.
The plot of American Psycho follows Patrick Bateman. Living the high life in 1980s Manhattan, Bateman has it all — looks, money, style and status. He and his entourage buy the most expensive designer clothes, eat at the most exclusive restaurants, and party at the hottest clubs. But privately, Patrick indulges in another kind of transgression. American Psycho had its world premiere at the Almeida Theatre in London from December 3-February 1, 2014.
In addition to Broadway roles in Inherit the Wind, Les Liaisons Dangereuses, Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson, and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Benjamin Walker has appeared in several films, including the title role in Timur Bekmambetov's Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter, produced by Tim Burton.


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Naomi Judd’s Family Obtain Court Order to Keep Her Death Records Sealed
Naomi Judd's family have obtained a court order that temporarily seals the late country star's death records from public release.
NBC News reports that Judd's husband, Larry Strickland, and her two daughters, the Judds singing partner Wynonna Judd and actor Ashley Judd, filed for injunctive relief in Williamson County, Tenn., on Monday (Aug. 1), asking a judge to keep Judd's records sealed from public release after authorities concluded a standard investigation into Judd's death.
In documents NBC obtained, the Judd family argue that photos, videos and other evidence investigators collected depict the Judds matriarch in a "graphic manner." The filing states that the family would "suffer irreparable harm in the form of emotional distress, pain and mental anguish should these records be released."
"Moreover, the release of these records would continue to cause the entire family pain for years to come," the legal filing reads.
A Williamson County judge granted a temporary order for relief on Tuesday (Aug. 2) and set an evidentiary hearing for Sept. 12. The court also ordered Williamson County to alert any parties who had requested documents related to Judd's death under Tennessee's open records law of the decision.
Naomi Judd died on April 30, with her daughters attributing her death to her longtime battle with mental illness. Ashley Judd later confirmed that her mother had died from a self-inflicted firearm wound.
Judd died just one day before the Judds were slated for induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame, and the family opted to go forward with the ceremony honoring Judd's musical accomplishments on May 1.
The Judds had announced what was billed as their Final Tour prior to Naomi Judd's death. On May 19, Wynonna Judd announced that she would honor those dates with a slate of special guests. Brandi Carlile, Faith Hill, Little Big Town, Martina McBride, Ashley McBryde and Trisha Yearwood are set to join Judd for the tour, with more guests to be announced.
If you or someone you know is struggling with thoughts of suicide, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-8255 or text HOME to 741741 to reach a trained counselor at the Crisis Text Line. Even if it feels like it, you are not alone.


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- Pre-Insulated Pipes: A Comprehensive Guide and Where To Buy
Pre-Insulated Pipes: A Comprehensive Guide and Where To Buy
Preinsulated pipework has emerged as a sophisticated and increasingly vital solution for the efficient and reliable transport of fluids across a multitude of applications within the building services and infrastructure sectors.
This advanced piping system is engineered as a comprehensive assembly, comprising a central carrier pipe responsible for conveying the fluid, a carefully selected layer of thermal insulation designed to minimise energy loss or gain, and a robust outer protective jacket that shields both the insulation and the carrier pipe from the detrimental effects of environmental factors and potential physical damage.
The growing significance of pre-insulated pipework in contemporary construction and infrastructure projects is directly attributable to the escalating demands for enhanced energy efficiency, improved sustainability, and the imperative for streamlined installation processes that ultimately lead to reductions in project timelines and overall costs.
Pre-insulated pipework is an efficient and durable solution for transporting fluids internally and externally in the UK, offering energy savings, faster installation, and reduced maintenance.
It consists of a carrier pipe (steel, copper, or plastic), insulation (often polyurethane foam), and a protective jacket (typically polyethylene or steel).
Proper installation and adherence to UK standards and regulations (like BS EN 15632 and Building Regulations Part L) are crucial for optimal performance in applications such as district heating, industrial processes, and domestic water systems.
The inherent advantages of pre-insulated pipework extend to both internal and external applications.
Within buildings, for systems such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), as well as domestic hot and cold water distribution, these pipes play a crucial role in maintaining the desired fluid temperatures, thereby reducing energy consumption and effectively preventing condensation on cold water lines.
In external environments, including district heating and cooling networks, underground water and utility services, and extensive industrial pipelines, pre-insulated pipework provides the essential benefit of minimizing thermal losses or gains over considerable distances.
Furthermore, the protective outer jacket offers critical defense against a wide array of environmental stressors, including moisture, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and the pressures exerted by ground movement.
The adaptability and versatility of pre-insulated pipework are noteworthy, making it a suitable choice for an extensive range of industries and project scales, from individual residential dwellings to expansive industrial complexes and large-scale district energy distribution networks.
The increasing adoption of this technology reflects a fundamental shift within the construction and building services industries towards embracing prefabricated, high-performance solutions that directly address the critical challenges of energy efficiency and environmental responsibility.
This trend is not merely a matter of preference but has become a necessity, driven by increasingly stringent regulatory frameworks and the pressing need to minimize operational expenditures and reduce carbon footprints.
Materials Used in Pre Insulated Pipework
The effectiveness and longevity of preinsulated pipework are intrinsically linked to the quality and properties of the materials used in its construction.
These systems typically comprise three key components: the carrier pipe, the insulation layer, and the outer protective jacket.
The Inner Core: Carrier Pipe Materials
The carrier pipe, being the conduit for the fluid being transported, is selected based on the specific demands of the application, considering factors such as operating temperature, pressure, and the chemical nature of the fluid.
Common materials include steel, copper, and various types of plastic.
Preinsulated Steel Pipes
Steel stands out as a frequently chosen material for the carrier pipe due to its inherent high strength and durability.
This makes it exceptionally well-suited for applications that involve high pressures and elevated temperatures, such as those encountered in industrial processes and the primary distribution lines of district heating networks.
Within the realm of steel pipes, both seamless and welded options are available.
Seamless steel pipes are known for their structural integrity under pressure, while welded steel pipes often present a more economical solution for certain less demanding applications.
Stainless steel offers the significant advantage of superior resistance to corrosion, alongside maintaining excellent performance under high pressure, rendering it ideal for demanding environments and the transport of critical fluids where purity and longevity are paramount.
In specific scenarios where enhanced protection against rust and corrosion is required, galvanized steel, with its protective layer of zinc coating, may be employed to extend the operational lifespan of the pipework in potentially aggressive environments.
The continued prominence of steel in this role underscores its exceptional mechanical properties, providing a robust and reliable solution for a wide array of challenging applications, particularly those involving extreme operating conditions where strength and durability are non-negotiable.
Copper is another important material used for carrier pipes, particularly valued for its outstanding thermal conductivity, which facilitates highly efficient heat transfer.
Its good temperature tolerance also makes it a preferred choice for applications where rapid heating or cooling of the conveyed fluid is required, such as in certain domestic hot water systems and AC applications.
While copper exhibits excellent thermal properties, it is generally considered less suitable for extremely high-pressure applications compared to steel due to its comparatively lower mechanical strength.
For ease of installation, especially in confined spaces or complex layouts, soft copper options are available, offering increased flexibility.
Pre Insulated Copper Pipes
Copper's niche as a carrier pipe material lies in its superior ability to conduct heat, making it the material of choice for systems where efficient thermal exchange such as Aircon systems, is a primary design consideration, often outweighing the need for ultra-high pressure resistance.
Plastic Preinsulated Pipes
The use of various plastic materials for carrier pipes has seen a significant increase due to their inherent advantages.
These include being lightweight, remarkably easy to install, and exhibiting excellent resistance to corrosion and the build-up of scale, making them ideal for a wide range of applications including domestic water distribution and certain district heating networks.
Several types of plastics are commonly employed: PE (Polyethylene), including HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene), is not only used for the durable outer casings but also sometimes as the carrier pipe itself, particularly for cold or chilled water applications owing to its good chemical resistance.
PP (Polypropylene), with PP-R (Polypropylene Random Copolymer) being a notable variant, is valued for its excellent welding properties, good chemical resistance, and suitability for both hot and cold water systems, including some district heating applications.
PEX (Cross-linked Polyethylene) is another popular choice, prized for its high flexibility, resistance to temperature extremes, and overall durability, making it well-suited for underfloor heating, domestic water services, and certain types of district heating networks.
While plastics offer numerous advantages, they generally exhibit lower thermal and pressure tolerance limits compared to steel and copper, making them more appropriate for applications with moderate operating conditions and potentially shorter distances in some instances.
The increasing prevalence of plastic carrier pipes, especially PEX and PP-R, indicates a growing preference for systems that prioritize ease of installation, corrosion resistance, and flexibility, particularly in residential and smaller-scale commercial settings, as well as in district heating schemes with optimized temperature and pressure parameters.
Insulation Materials Used In Pre Lagged Pipework
Polyurethane Foam (PUR)
Polyurethane foam is a widely utilised insulation in preinsulated pipe systems. It is a rigid, closed-cell foam created by the reaction of a polyol and an isocyanate. This composition provides excellent thermal insulation properties due to its low thermal conductivity. PUR foam is known for its good mechanical strength, contributing to the overall integrity of the bonded pipe structure. It is typically suitable for a broad range of temperatures, commonly used in district heating and cooling networks, as well as various industrial processes.
Polyisocyanurate foam is closely related to PUR but offers enhanced performance, particularly in terms of fire resistance. Produced with a higher proportion of isocyanate, PIR foam has a similar closed-cell structure to PUR, providing comparable thermal efficiency. Its improved reaction to fire makes it a preferred choice in applications where fire safety is a key consideration. PIR foam can generally withstand slightly higher continuous operating temperatures than standard PUR.
Mineral wool, which includes stone wool and glass wool, is an inorganic insulation material used in preinsulated pipework, often for higher temperature applications. It is manufactured from molten rock or glass that is spun into fibres. Mineral wool is highly regarded for its excellent thermal performance at elevated temperatures and its non-combustible nature. In some preinsulated systems designed for high temperatures, a layer of mineral wool may be positioned adjacent to the hot carrier pipe to provide initial thermal reduction before a layer of foam insulation.
Polyethylene (PE) foam is a flexible, closed-cell foam material used in some preinsulated pipe applications. It offers good thermal insulation properties and is particularly valued for its flexibility, which can be advantageous in installations requiring bends or where space is restricted. PE foam is often used for lower temperature applications, such as domestic hot and cold water services, and is resistant to moisture absorption.
Nitrile rubber, also referred to as elastomeric foam, is another flexible, closed-cell insulation material found in certain preinsulated pipe systems. It provides good thermal and acoustic insulation and is well-suited for controlling condensation on cold pipework. Nitrile rubber is known for its resistance to moisture, oils, and some chemicals, making it a durable choice for various plumbing and HVAC applications. It is typically used within a specific temperature range that accommodates both heating and cooling requirements.
The Outer Shield: Protective Jacket Materials
The outer protective jacket serves as the first line of defense for the insulation and carrier pipe, safeguarding the system from external factors and potential damage.
Common materials used for the outer jacket include polyethylene, PVC, and steel.
Polyethylene (PE), particularly High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), is a widely favoured material for the outer protective jacket due to its excellent durability and resistance to corrosion, chemicals, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
These properties provide robust protection to the underlying insulation and carrier pipe in both above-ground and buried installations.
Black HDPE jackets are specifically formulated with UV-resistant additives, making them ideal for prolonged outdoor exposure and buried systems where resistance to degradation from sunlight is crucial.
White HDPE jackets are also available and are typically used for indoor installations where UV resistance is less of a concern.
In some flexible pre-insulated pipe systems, corrugated HDPE sleeves are used as the outer jacket.
These provide enhanced flexibility and additional protection against mechanical impacts and moisture ingress, proving particularly beneficial in underground applications where the pipework needs to navigate uneven terrain or potential stresses from soil movement.
The widespread adoption of HDPE as a jacket material is a testament to its excellent balance of durability, chemical inertness, and resistance to environmental degradation, making it a reliable choice for safeguarding pre-insulated pipe systems in diverse operating conditions.
PVC is another material utilized for outer jackets, offering good strength and resistance to chemicals, often considered a more economical option for certain applications.
It can be used for both indoor and outdoor applications, with specific PVC formulations available that incorporate UV protection for external use.
While PVC provides a cost-effective and chemically resistant jacketing solution, HDPE is generally the preferred choice for buried systems and applications demanding superior long-term durability and UV resistance.
Steel, including various coated options, serves as a robust material for outer jackets, providing exceptional mechanical protection in demanding environments where pre-insulated pipes might be subjected to significant physical stress or impact.
Coated steel options, such as galvanized steel and stainless steel, offer enhanced resistance to corrosion, making them suitable for use in potentially corrosive environments.
Metal covers, including those made from steel and aluminium, are also used for above-ground applications where a high level of mechanical protection and durability is required.
Steel jackets are typically specified in applications where the pre-insulated pipework needs to withstand severe mechanical stresses or potential impacts, providing an additional layer of protection beyond that offered by polymer-based jackets.
The selection of appropriate materials for the carrier pipe, insulation, and outer jacket is a critical aspect of designing a pre-insulated pipework system that will perform efficiently and reliably over its intended lifespan.
Engineers must carefully consider the specific requirements of the application, the operating environment, and the relevant standards and regulations to ensure the optimal choice of materials for each component.
UK Manufacturers of Prelagged Pipework Systems
These companies offer integrated solutions where the carrier pipe, insulation, and outer casing are supplied as a single, finished product.
Based in the UK, Durotan specialises in the supply and installation of preinsulated pipe systems. They offer both steel and flexible PEX-based preinsulated pipes, suitable for applications like district heating and cooling.
As a UK-based manufacturer with a long history, CPV offers a range of preinsulated pipe systems under their Hiline brand. These systems cater for various applications, including district heating and cooling networks, utilising different carrier pipe materials within their preinsulated assemblies.
A significant supplier in the UK market, Uponor provides the Ecoflex range of flexible preinsulated pipe systems. These systems are commonly used for heat and water distribution, offering solutions for connecting buildings and for local networks.
Mibec are suppliers of underground preinsulated pipework in the UK. They offer systems from manufacturers like REHAU and Microflex, as well as their own Mibec DHP range, providing options for various project sizes and applications, particularly in district heating.
While also heavily involved in the installation of energy networks, Vital Energi supplies preinsulated pipes in the UK. They offer different types, including single steel pipes and flexible plastic pipe systems, for various temperature requirements.
Although an international manufacturer, BRUGG Pipes has a strong presence and supplies its preinsulated pipe systems, such as the CALPEX range, within the UK market. Their systems are known for their flexible design and high-performance insulation.
Best Practices for Installation: Ensuring Efficiency and Longevity
Proper installation is paramount to realizing the full benefits of pre-insulated pipework and ensuring its long-term efficiency and reliability.
Best practices vary depending on whether the installation is internal or external.
When installing pre-insulated pipework within buildings, several key considerations must be addressed to ensure optimal performance and longevity.
Careful routing of the pipework is essential, taking into account any space constraints, structural elements, and the need for accessibility for future maintenance.
Flexible plastic pipes, such as those made from PEX or PP-R, offer a significant advantage in internal installations due to their ability to be easily bent around obstructions and navigated through tight spaces, thereby minimizing the number of required fittings and simplifying complex layouts.
Support and fixing methods play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the pipework.
Appropriate hangers, clamps, or other support systems should be used at regular intervals to prevent sagging and ensure the structural stability of the system.
It is particularly important to adequately anchor the pipework at system extremities, such as where pipes pass through walls or connect to equipment.
This secure anchoring is vital for effectively managing the thermal expansion and contraction forces that occur due to temperature fluctuations within the pipes, thereby preventing damage to both the pipes themselves and the connected components.
The selection of appropriate jointing techniques is critical and depends on the material of the carrier pipe.
For steel pipes, skilled welding techniques are necessary, ensuring that the pipe ends are thoroughly cleaned before welding and that the surrounding insulation and outer jacket are adequately protected from the heat and any welding spatter.
Copper pipes are typically joined using soldering or brazing methods, with care taken to ensure compatibility with the insulation material and to shield it from excessive heat during the joining process.
For plastic pipes such as PEX, PE-RT, and PP-R, various techniques are employed, including butt fusion or electrofusion welding for PP-R, and mechanical compression fittings or electrofusion fittings for PE and PEX.
These methods are often favoured for their ease and speed of installation compared to welding, and many do not require specialized tools.
Finally, it is important to provide protection against internal building factors.
This includes safeguarding pre-insulated pipework from potential damage that may occur during other construction activities within the building.
Care should be taken to avoid mechanical impacts, and proper sealing is essential where pipes pass through walls or floors to maintain the fire integrity of the building (referencing relevant standards like BS 5422 and Building Regulations Part B for fire safety).
Additionally, preventing the ingress of moisture or other contaminants into the insulation layer, particularly at joints and terminations, is crucial for maintaining the system's performance and preventing corrosion.
Installing pre-insulated pipework in external environments presents its own set of best practices, primarily focusing on trench preparation, support systems, jointing procedures, and protection against environmental factors.
Proper trench preparation and bedding are fundamental for buried pre-insulated pipework.
This involves excavating trenches to the correct dimensions, taking into account the local frost line to determine the minimum depth at which the pipes should be laid.
Creating a level and stable bed, often using sand or fine gravel, is essential to support the pipes evenly and prevent damage from sharp objects or uneven settling of the ground.7
Any sharp objects must be removed from the trench, and the bedding material should be compacted to provide adequate support.
For larger pipes or areas that will experience heavy traffic loads, the depth of burial needs to be increased to provide sufficient protection.
Support systems are also critical for external pre-insulated pipework, both for sections that are above ground and for the points where buried pipes transition to above-ground.
For above-ground installations, supports should be selected that are compatible with the pre-insulated pipe and designed to minimize thermal bridging, which can lead to energy losses.
For buried pipes, proper bedding and backfilling are essential to provide adequate support and protect against the weight of the soil and any ground movement.
In colder climates, for systems operating at low temperatures, the use of multiple insulation layers in pipe supports is recommended to improve the moisture seal and prevent potential issues like condensation and freezing.
Jointing procedures for external pre-insulated pipework require careful attention, considering the different conditions encountered above and below ground.
For steel carrier pipes, high-quality welding in accordance with relevant standards is crucial, followed by the proper insulation and sealing of the joint to maintain the integrity of the pre-insulated system.
Heat-shrink sleeves and other specialized jointing kits are commonly used for sealing joints in both steel and plastic pipe systems, particularly for underground applications.
These ensure a watertight seal, preventing moisture from entering the insulation layer and potentially causing damage.
For plastic carrier pipes, electrofusion and mechanical fittings are widely used.
It is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions meticulously during installation to ensure proper sealing, especially in buried environments where the consequences of leaks or moisture ingress can be significant.
Protecting external pre-insulated pipework against environmental factors is crucial for its long-term performance.
Moisture is a major concern, and the use of watertight outer jackets made from materials like HDPE or PVC, along with properly sealed joints, is essential to prevent water from entering the system and damaging the insulation or corroding the carrier pipe.
For outdoor sections exposed to sunlight, using UV-resistant materials like black HDPE for the outer jacket is important to prevent degradation of the jacket and maintain the insulation's integrity over time.
In buried applications, selecting flexible pipe materials, particularly plastics, is crucial to accommodate potential ground movement without causing stress or damage to the pipe system.
Proper bedding and backfilling are also essential to minimize stress on the pipes from soil loads.
Finally, the insulation material and thickness should be carefully chosen to suit the expected temperature range, preventing freezing in cold climates and minimizing heat gain in hot climates.
Buy pre Insulated Pipes
Navigating the Rules: Standards and Regulations in the UK
The design, installation, and performance of pre-insulated pipework in the UK are governed by a comprehensive set of standards and regulations aimed at ensuring safety, efficiency, and environmental protection.
British Standards (BS)
The BS EN 15632 series is particularly relevant for pre-insulated flexible pipe systems used in district heating networks.
This series comprises several parts, each addressing specific aspects: Part 1 covers classification, general requirements, and test methods; Part 2 focuses on bonded plastic service pipes; Part 3 deals with non-bonded systems using plastic service pipes; and Part 4 specifies requirements for bonded systems with metal service pipes.
For polymer pipes used in district heating networks, these standards mandate a minimum lifespan of 30 years under specified operating conditions, typically at a temperature of 80°C.
BS 5422 provides the methodology for specifying thermal insulating materials on pipes, tanks, vessels, ductwork, and equipment operating within a broad temperature range.
The standard was updated in 2023 and now incorporates the Euroclass system for classifying the reaction to fire of insulation materials.
It also establishes minimum performance levels for different operating conditions and building types, distinguishing between dwelling and non-dwelling applications.
BS 5422 is a cornerstone standard for determining the appropriate insulation thicknesses required to comply with energy efficiency regulations.
Other pertinent British Standards include BS EN 253, which sets out the general requirements for district heating pipes ; BS EN 448 for pre-insulated pipe systems using steel casing pipes; BS EN 488 for steel valves used in district heating and cooling; and BS EN 489 for joint systems used in buried pipe networks for district heating and cooling, specifying requirements and tests.
Additionally, BS 5970 offers a code of practice for the thermal insulation of pipework and equipment, and BS 6700 provides specifications for the design, installation, testing, and maintenance of services supplying water.
UK Building Regulations
Part L of the UK Building Regulations, which focuses on the conservation of fuel and power, sets the minimum energy efficiency standards for pipe insulation in both new and existing buildings.
These regulations require the insulation of primary hot water and heating pipes in unheated spaces and within building voids to minimize heat loss.
Guidance on the specific insulation thicknesses and performance levels required is often derived from BS 5422.
Furthermore, adherence to fire safety regulations, primarily outlined in Part B of the Building Regulations, is crucial.
These regulations stipulate that any insulated pipework used inside a building must meet specified fire performance criteria.
There is an increasing focus on the fire safety aspects of pre-insulated polyethylene pipework, emphasizing the need for products to comply with relevant fire performance specifications and the Euroclass ratings system.
Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS)
For pre-insulated pipework intended for use in potable water systems within the UK, compliance with the Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS) is mandatory.
WRAS approval serves as confirmation that the materials used in the pipes and fittings do not contaminate the water supply and meet the necessary standards for safety and performance, thereby ensuring compliance with the Water Fittings Regulations.
Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) and Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS)
The Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) scheme, designed to encourage the use of renewable heating technologies, has specific implications for pre-insulated pipework.
For the Non-Domestic RHI, the guidelines state that pre-insulated pipes connecting the renewable heat source to the buildings must be "properly insulated," a requirement often interpreted as meeting the standards set forth in EN 15632.
While the Domestic RHI does not explicitly detail specific pipe insulation standards, the overall efficiency of the heating system, to which pre-insulated pipes significantly contribute, is a key factor.
Additionally, for many renewable heating technologies to be eligible for RHI payments, certification under the Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS) is a prerequisite.
Navigating the UK's regulatory landscape for pre-insulated pipework demands a thorough understanding of British Standards, Building Regulations (particularly Part L and fire safety), WRAS compliance for potable water applications, and the specific requirements associated with renewable energy incentive schemes like RHI and MCS.
Adherence to these standards and regulations is not only essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of pre-insulated pipework systems but also for achieving compliance with legal requirements and potentially accessing financial incentives.
The increasing emphasis on fire safety in buildings and the drive towards greater energy efficiency underscore the critical importance of selecting and installing pre-insulated pipework that meets the latest regulatory demands.
The Case for Pre-Insulated: Benefits Over Traditional Methods
Pre-insulated pipework offers a compelling array of advantages over traditional methods of pipe insulation, making it an increasingly preferred choice for a wide range of applications.
Superior Energy Efficiency and Reduced Thermal Losses
The integrated insulation in pre-insulated pipes provides significantly better thermal performance compared to traditional methods where insulation is applied as a separate layer on site.
This results in a substantial reduction in heat loss or gain during fluid transport, leading to lower energy consumption and improved overall system efficiency.
Studies indicate that pre-insulated pipes can reduce heat or cooling losses by as much as 90% compared to uninsulated pipes.
The insulation materials used in pre-insulated pipes often exhibit lower lambda values (thermal conductivity) compared to traditional insulation methods like mineral wool with a metal casing, indicating a higher level of thermal resistance.
This superior insulation capability ensures that the fluid being transported maintains a more consistent temperature over longer distances, reducing the need for energy-intensive reheating or recooling in applications such as district heating networks and industrial processes.
Faster and Easier Installation, Leading to Reduced Labour Costs
Pre-insulated pipes are supplied with the insulation already in place, which significantly speeds up the installation process by eliminating the need for a separate insulation step on site.
This pre-fabrication leads to reduced labour costs and a faster overall project completion time.
Being prefabricated systems, they are also generally easier to transport and handle on site.
The availability of flexible pre-insulated pipes offers the additional benefit of requiring fewer joints and the ability to navigate around obstacles with greater ease, further simplifying the installation process and reducing both time and material costs.
Unlike traditional methods, there is no requirement for supplementary insulation to be applied on site to achieve the desired thermal performance.
Long-Term Cost Savings through Lower Energy Consumption and Maintenance
The initial investment in pre-insulated pipework often translates into significant long-term cost savings.
The superior energy efficiency of these systems leads to reduced energy bills due to the minimization of heat loss or gain.
This also results in lower overall operating costs associated with maintaining the desired fluid temperatures within the system.
Furthermore, the enhanced durability and resistance to corrosion, abrasion, and mechanical damage inherent in pre-insulated pipework contribute to reduced maintenance and repair costs over the system's lifespan.
The extended service life of pre-insulated pipes also means that replacements are required less frequently, leading to further long-term cost savings.
Enhanced Durability and Extended System Lifespan
Pre-insulated pipes are designed and constructed to be highly durable, offering excellent resistance to corrosion, environmental degradation, and physical damage.
The protective outer jacket plays a crucial role in shielding the insulation and carrier pipe from these detrimental factors, leading to a significantly extended lifespan compared to traditional insulation methods.
In systems where a watertight jacket is used, the carrier pipes are kept dry, preventing corrosion from occurring.
Many pre-insulated pipe systems are designed for a long service life, often exceeding 25 to 30 years, with some specifically engineered to last for 50 years or even longer.
Improved System Integrity and Reduced Risk of Corrosion
Pre-insulated pipe systems are often manufactured under factory-controlled conditions, which ensures a consistent level of insulation quality and reduces the potential for on-site installation errors that can occur with traditional insulation methods.
The use of watertight outer jackets in many pre-insulated systems effectively prevents moisture from penetrating the insulation layer, a key factor in reducing the risk of corrosion and maintaining the insulation's thermal performance over time.
Furthermore, if the carrier pipe itself is made from a corrosion-resistant material such as plastic (e.g., PEX, PP-R) or stainless steel, the overall system integrity is significantly enhanced, and the risk of internal corrosion is minimized.
Applications in the UK: Where Pre Insulated Pipework Excels
Pre-insulated pipework has found widespread application across various sectors in the UK, demonstrating its versatility and effectiveness in a multitude of fluid transport scenarios.
District Heating and Cooling Networks
Pre-insulated pipework is extensively used in the UK for district heating schemes, which involve the efficient distribution of hot water from a centralized energy source to multiple properties, including residential, commercial, and multi-occupancy buildings.
These underground networks, often referred to as heat mains, consist of pre-insulated pipes that connect the central heat source to individual buildings.
The heat source can vary, including traditional fossil fuels, energy derived from waste, industrial waste heat, and increasingly, renewable energy sources such as heat pumps and biomass boilers.
Within each connected building, heat interface units (HIUs) utilize the hot water from the district network to provide heating and domestic hot water, allowing for individual temperature control for each user.
Pre-insulated pipework is also crucial for district cooling systems in the UK, enabling the efficient distribution of chilled water for air conditioning purposes in urban environments and large commercial complexes.
In the UK's industrial sector, pre-insulated pipework plays a vital role in transporting fluids at precisely controlled temperatures, a necessity for a wide range of processes.
These applications span chemical plants, food processing units, pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities, and various other industrial settings.
The fluids transported through these systems can include drinking water, wastewater, cooling water, hot water, steam, hydrocarbons, condensate, various chemicals, lye, and oil, each requiring specific temperature maintenance for process efficiency and safety.
Pre-insulated pipes are also employed in cryogenic applications within the UK, facilitating the safe and efficient transport of liquefied natural gas (LNG) at extremely low temperatures.
Domestic Hot and Cold Water Distribution
Pre-insulated pipework is increasingly utilized in residential and commercial buildings across the UK for the efficient distribution of both hot and cold water.
In hot water systems, the insulation helps to maintain the water temperature as it travels from the heat source to the point of use, reducing energy consumption by minimizing heat loss and negating the need for frequent reheating.
Similarly, in cold water systems, pre-insulated pipes help to protect the water from freezing, particularly in exposed locations or when pipes are laid underground, and can also help maintain the water's coolness.
Renewable Energy Systems
Pre-insulated pipework plays a crucial role in the effective integration of renewable energy systems in the UK.
It is commonly used to connect heat pumps (both ground source and air source), biomass boilers, and solar thermal collectors to heating and hot water systems.
The efficient transport of heat from these sources to the point of use is paramount for maximizing system performance and the financial benefits offered by schemes like the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI).
Beyond these major areas, pre-insulated pipework finds application in a variety of other sectors within the UK, including HVAC systems in commercial and residential buildings, refrigeration products and systems, agricultural applications such as irrigation and livestock watering, infrastructure projects like tunnels and bridges, marine and offshore environments, water and wastewater treatment facilities, geothermal power plants, temporary water supply lines for freeze protection, shallow-bury installations for municipal water service lines, and even in specialized industrial settings like mining operations.
Industry Concerns About Flammable Polyethylene Pre-insulated Pipes
The UK building services industry has raised significant alarm regarding the fire safety risks associated with polyethylene (PE) pre-insulated pipework, particularly when used in inappropriate applications. In 2022, leading trade associations including the Building Engineering Services Association (BESA), the Thermal Insulation Contractors Association (TICA), and the British Plastics Federation (BPF) issued joint warnings about these systems.
The primary concern centres on the increasingly common practice of installing pre-insulated pipework designed for underground applications inside buildings. This represents what industry experts call a "fundamental change in product application" that potentially breaches UK Building Regulations. Pre-insulated pipework systems typically incorporate PE insulants that do not meet the fire performance criteria specified for internal building applications.
Of particular concern is the use of coiled flexible polyethylene insulated piping systems in high-risk settings such as large multi-residential buildings. BESA's head of technical, Graeme Fox, described this as "a critical fire safety issue," emphasising that these products may have been tested and certified, but not necessarily for the particular application in question.
The warnings highlight that the "one-size-fits-all approach to insulation thickness" by manufacturers of pre-insulated pipework fails to provide the flexibility needed to meet individual specification requirements. Industry bodies have urged specifiers to verify that each product has the appropriate Euroclass fire rating and to request evidence of how the PE system would meet the heat loss/gain requirements of BS 5422 and Part L of the Building Regulations.
When pre-insulated pipes transition from outside to inside a building, it is "absolutely essential" that they are properly protected from damage and terminated correctly to "contain the insulation and retain the fire integrity of the outer sheath". Installers are advised to seek specialist fire-stopping advice and ensure all fire-stopping products have been fully tested and third-party certified where relevant.
The joint industry statement serves as a reminder that manufacturers, distributors, and installers of pre-insulated polyethylene pipework systems have a responsibility to provide evidence of the suitability of these products for specific applications, particularly in light of lessons learned from the Grenfell tragedy about the importance of appropriate product application.
Looking to the Future: Lifespan and Maintenance
The expected lifespan of pre-insulated pipework systems is a significant factor in their overall cost-effectiveness.
Several factors can influence this lifespan, including the quality of the materials used for the carrier pipe, insulation, and outer jacket.
Proper installation techniques, encompassing jointing and support, are also critical.
The operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, to which the pipes are subjected play a vital role.
External environmental factors, including soil conditions, moisture levels, UV exposure for above-ground installations, and potential chemical loading, can also impact the longevity of the system.
The quality of the foam insulation itself and the method by which it is applied can significantly affect the life expectancy of underground pre-insulated pipe systems.
In closed systems, such as those used for district heating, the use of treated water is important.
Finally, the presence of a diffusion barrier within the pipe structure can help to prolong the lifespan by preventing the degradation of the insulation.
To ensure the continued efficiency and longevity of pre-insulated pipework systems, both internal and external, regular maintenance practices are essential.
These include conducting regular visual inspections to check for any signs of wear, damage, or compromised insulation.
Special attention should be paid to checking for leaks, particularly at joints.
The integrity of the outer jacket should be regularly assessed, and any damage should be repaired promptly to prevent moisture ingress.
Keeping the pipes clean and free of any debris is also important.
For underground systems, it is advisable to monitor for any potential ground movement or external loads that could affect the pipes.
In systems that are part of a Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) scheme, periodic recalibration of the payment meters is a requirement.
Several potential issues can arise with pre-insulated pipework, and preventative measures can help to mitigate these risks.
Moisture ingress into the insulation is a significant concern as it can lead to mold growth, corrosion of the carrier pipe, and a reduction in insulation efficiency.
Ensuring proper sealing during installation and repair is crucial.
Damage to the outer jacket can compromise the insulation and allow water to enter the system, so careful handling of pipes during transport and installation is essential.
Thermal bridging at pipe supports can lead to heat loss or gain, so the use of pre-insulated supports is recommended.
Incorrect pipe sizing or improper installation can result in pressure losses and inefficient system operation.
For external installations, the use of black PE jackets is crucial for preventing UV degradation, which can affect non-UV resistant jacket materials.
While pre-insulated pipework generally offers a long lifespan and requires less maintenance compared to traditional insulation methods, adherence to proper installation techniques and the implementation of periodic inspections are vital to ensure continued efficiency and to proactively address any potential issues such as moisture ingress, damage to the outer jacket, or thermal bridging.
Understanding the factors that can affect the lifespan of these systems allows for the implementation of preventative maintenance measures, ultimately leading to extended system performance and longevity.
Conclusion: Investing in Efficiency and Sustainability
In conclusion, pre-insulated pipework presents a multitude of compelling advantages for both internal and external applications within the UK's building services and infrastructure sectors.
Its enhanced energy efficiency, achieved through superior insulation, leads to significant reductions in operational costs and a lower environmental impact.
The faster and easier installation processes associated with pre-insulated pipes translate to reduced labour costs and quicker project completion times.
Over the long term, the durability and extended lifespan of these systems result in substantial cost savings through decreased maintenance requirements and less frequent replacements.
The versatility of pre-insulated pipework is evident in its wide range of applications, from district heating and cooling networks that serve entire communities to the precise temperature control required in industrial processes, the efficient distribution of domestic hot and cold water, and the integration of renewable energy sources.
The critical role of pre-insulated pipework in achieving energy efficiency targets and promoting sustainable building practices within the UK construction sector cannot be overstated.
As the UK continues its transition towards a more sustainable future and strives to meet ambitious carbon reduction targets, investing in pre-insulated pipework represents a key strategic decision for a more efficient and environmentally responsible built environment.
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