tier: kodiak

title: 7675

text:
Internet of Things (IoT) technology is evolving and starting to make a huge impact in a widespread range of applications, including industrial environments and smart cities. Such real world IoT applications combine communication, sensing, computation and actuation to remotely control and monitor the environment. Gartner states that the number of IoT devices will reach 20.4 billion by 2020 [
1]. Even human beings will connect to devices and each other through IoT in the near future. There is a great market opportunity offered by the IoT for Internet service providers, manufacturers, and application developers.
Figure 1 shows the wide range of IoT applications. There is a critical need for a flexible, layered architecture for the IoT because that can connect the trillions of heterogeneous devices through the Internet. Realizing the IoT vision using a host-to-host (H2H) communication standard Internet protocol (IP) is challenging in the context of constrained sensing and smart devices that connect densely with one or more networks, are highly heterogeneous, and frequently use several interfaces [
2]. There is a need to correspond with numerous security administrations and have both global and local communication ability. It is challenging for the IP to deal with this increase in devices while still integrating the minimum resource usage [
Named Data Networking (NDN) is a new and prominent communication paradigm. IoT based data communication efficiency can be improved using advantages of NDN. Communication in NDN is content centric. The main motivation behind the vision of NDN is the limitations of current internet architecture [
4]. Both NDN and IP use the same hourglass architecture, end-to-end principle, their own namespace and send datagram for the delivery of data [
5]. Named Data layer in NDN hourglass model consist of Content store (CS), Pending Interest Table (PIT) and Forwarding Information Base (FIB). The NDN hourglass architecture is presented in
Named data networking as an emerging paradigm on the Internet fulfills most of the expectations of the IoT. There are always points to address among the many open aspects of research. Dense and different traffic patterns of the IoT system compared to current Internet applications, such as video streaming and web browsing, need a proper procedure to identify the devices, services, and management [
6]. IoT devices are resource constrained ones that use little power and energy, but they do not provide reliable communication in the wireless environment, so the optimization techniques for reliable data delivery must be there in NDN.
Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging technology that makes computer networks more programmable. SDN is offering new ways to interact within networking devices by adding flexibility to existing networking operations and designs. SDN provides an innovative approach towards the design, implantation and management of networks that separates the control plane and data plane. SDN provides a centralized control plane for the control and management applications, and removes the decision-making part from the router that makes it different from traditional networking [
7]. Two primary components of SDN are the controller and switches. Management of the entire network is the responsibility of the SDN controller while, on the other hand, instruction-based operation is done by the switches. Software defined networking is a good solution for emerging technologies and efficient resource utilization and communication [
There are open problems and challenges, like scalability, integration, management of flow table, and real-time SDN updates. In urban scenario, hundreds of IoT devices, actuators and sensors are sensing and transmitting the data for processing in an heterogenous environment. In IoT environment drastically increase in population and IoT devices makes communication and data management more challenging [
9]. Real-time efficient management and retrieval of data in the IoT environment is a challenge that can be solved using SDN [
10]. Software defined networking can benefit the IoT system because the control intelligence moves to the centralized controller and is removed from the data plane devices. The controller itself interacts with the devices of the data plane. The SD-IoT architecture consists of three layers: the physical infrastructure layer, the application layer and the control layer [
11]. The SDN architecture is presented in
Figure 3. There are benefits for environment communication and performance when these three paradigms—NDN, SDN, and IoT—are connected to develop a new joinable SD-NDN–IoT architecture.
Forwarding strategies in References [
14] used SDN controller to forward the packets. Some forwarding strategies used native flooding mechanism aided with controller to forward the packet that brings high overhead and broadcast storm issues on network. There is no strategy to prevent the energy consumption with the use of controller in related work. They did not handle the priority and emergency packets efficiently in WSNs and IoTs. In References [
17], proposed forwarding mechanisms to mitigate the broadcast storm issue but lack of work to find efficient forwarding path and more overhead on the controller. In References [
20], authors proposed energy efficient forwarding schemes in IoT. Proposed energy efficient mechanism in this paper results in improved average energy consumption and network life time. In this paper an efficient forwarding mechanism in NDN based IoTs is proposed using the centralized controller of SDN. The main purpose of our proposed scheme is to ensure the in-time and fast packet transmission of high priority packets in dense IoT environment with maximum satisfaction rate. The focus is on the energy efficiency of the whole network to guarantee the maximum output. This paper is organized as follows:
Section 1 introduces the three paradigms—IoT, NDN, and SDN.
Section 2 provides a brief explanation of NDN, and its architecture with IoT is presented.
Section 3 consists of the motivation behind integration of SDN and ICN along with the advantages of SDN-NDN-IOT combination.
Section 4 consists of related work. Problem scenarios are presented in
Section 6 proposes a scheme and discusses it in detail. Finally,
Section 7 and
Section 8 depict the simulation graphs and conclusion, respectively.
3. Motivations of Integrating SDN and Inofrmation Centric Networking
Although excellent research work has already been presented in SDN and ICN separately, these two promising futuristic paradigms are complementary, benefiting each other by tackling different kinds of networking problems. The research community has started investing their efforts in SDN and ICN. Benefits of SDN over current Internet, including centralized control, powerful data management, and monitoring tool and global views of the whole network, also apply to ICN [
24]. ICN can handle distribution of data in upgraded networks, smooth the transition phase, and simplify the deployment with the help of SDN. A lot of surveys and research ideas have been proposed in SDN and ICN on issues of energy efficiency [
25], security, mobility, caching, and forwarding [
26]. The centralized SDN controller has powerful control of data transfer as well as a global view of the status of network. SDN is a promising way to manage networks simply. The combined SDN-ICN can benefit the network by opening new opportunities after shifting the question from “where” to “what.” SDN can take full advantage of the main feature of ICN—that is, in-network caching. SDN is able to exploit the multipath routing and in network caches. Routing of content can be optimized because SDN can monitor in network caches efficiently. New data centric services can be enabled using SDN over ICN. ICN can remove the security threats over northbound and southbound communication in SDN due to its nature of protecting content as opposed to communicating between channels. SDN can provide powerful control over distributed elements of ICN. Centralized management, revocation of keys, and distribution of SDN can strengthen the security of ICN. SDN can benefit ICN with its agility and programmability in named based forwarding.
Software Defined Networking Enabled Named Data IoTs (SDN-NDN-IoT)
SDN enabled NDN–IoT architecture is an emerging research combination that uses the benefits of NDN with IoT systems to improve efficiency using the SDN model. High-priority messages can support NDN–IoT in case of any alarming situation by notifying governments, emergency departments, hospitals, or law enforcement authorities using push-based forwarding in NDN. Support of periodic and event triggered data and content pushing must be overhauled in NDN–IoT architecture. Device configuration procedures and device discovery is an important requirement in the IoT system. In NDN–IoT architecture, service publish and discovery protocols (SPDPs) [
27] and neighbor discovery protocols (NDPs) [
22] can be use to discover and configure the device in the IoT system. In the global IoT environment, named-based routing of NDNappears to be extremely useful. Packets can communicate in the network without resolving any network addresses because of the uniqueness of the content name. Specific application-based naming can clearly benefit the NDN solution for the IoT. The current IoT system needs IoT names to be able to identify the services, tasks, and applications ensured by the device. For example, sensor type, sensor position, type of the data, and time when data is needed. User readability and user-friendly NDN names can cause serious security-related issues in IoT applications such as spoofing. NDN offers an amazing solution for the secure content dissemination in the IoT environment by putting publisher signatures in the data packet. In NDN–IoT, there is a need to develop efficient authorization mechanisms, trust models, and access control policies to support security and minimize risks. In-network caching in NDN can be crucial to provide the scalability, readability, and robustness to the IoT environment [
28]. The NDN strategy layer allows the named data network to interact with the IoT. The IoT data passes through heterogeneous devices during communication within the network, so NDN–IoT architecture must develop a mechanism to support the heterogeneous environment of the IoT system. A combination of NDN and IoT is a good solution that benefits the communication of smart devices and enhances the overall performance of the IoT system. Named data networking takes care of the security of data packets by securing them on the network layer. A producer signature, binding data payloads and data names in a cryptographic way, authentication and reconstruction chains for the verification of the data and recorded information, and signing key certificates in key information locators are methods used to secure the data.
The name-based forwarding in NDN enables the IoT and named data networks to communicate directly with the packets, unlike the IP network. Name-based stateful forwarding can benefit other features of the IoT system, like fast local recovery, congestion control (hop by hop), and delay tolerant communication style. The in-network storage ability of NDN is a big advantage to IoT devices: in case of sensors deployment with limited storage capacity in an agriculture field, sensors can quickly transfer the data they monitor to the nearby repository. A controller can retrieve the desired data from the repository as well. The in-network storage can reduce overhead from the network because the nodes can cache the data packets they forward and can efficiently cache the popular data and fast local recovery.
By Default, SDN does not support Sensor and IoT networks. With the decoupling of control plane from data plane, SDN benefits the IoT with intelligent management. One or multiple SDN controllers can be there in IoT environment, in which devices can be manage in the range of specific SDN controller. To attain the resource management and flexibility benefits, many authors proposed the concepts of root controller and hierarchical controller. Energy consumption is a huge problem for companies around the world because of the need for continuous availability and the enormous architecture of IoT devices. Companies spend a huge amount of revenue to solve this problem of energy consumption. One solution is SDN, which can reduce the consumption of overall energy. The programmability, openness, and feasibility of SDN reduces the implementation complexity for software and hardware. It is a candidate by which we can limit our resources, and reduction in resource usage in turn reduces overall energy consumption.
Energy-saving techniques and power-saving schemes can be applied to reduce energy consumption. Energy consumption is not consistent at all times. For example, during the day, Internet traffic is high while at night, traffic is significantly reduced. In scenarios with low Internet traffic, most of the nodes are unutilized. Flexible programming in SDN can solve this problem and can make intelligent decisions according to the situation of the traffic. Unutilized nodes can be sent to sleep mode while the activation period in network for the nodes can be defined through SDN. A content-based method can also be a solution for SDN resource management. This method ensures reduced power consumption with proper resource utilization because content length can be known to the forwarder in NDN and ICN, so the required resources can be delivered to the most fitted nodes. Named data networking can also be beneficial to the SDN–IoT combination. Load balancing and flow management techniques in the SDN can reduce overall energy consumption. Traffic management based on information from the nodes and switches can reduce collisions of interest and data packets. Constant and timely updates to the SDN controller about energy consumption and resource allocation can enhance network performance against energy consumption, interest satisfaction rate and network life time. Finally, the combination of SDN and IoT with NDN can be a great addition to research advancements and the development of science because of their fruitful results.
4. Related Work
Current NDN architecture updates its FIB using flooding mechanism. Software defined networking based NDN architecture reduces the effect of such problem on consumption of network resource. An SDN-based routing scheme (SRSC) in Reference [
12], also proposes a NDN-based forwarding scheme over SDN. Then a control process controls and manages the FIB with the help of an SDN controller at the node level. Controller announcement and neighbor discovery are the two phases at the controller level. In this routing protocol, flooding is used to forward packets. This scheme has no efficient forwarding mechanism but has a controller attachment only.
A controller-based routing strategy for NDN (CRos-NDN) in Reference [
13] is another SDN controller–enabled scheme. The aim of CRos-NDN is to define specific procedures and names for efficient forwarding. It consista of two processes, bootraping and named data routing. During the bootstrapping process, a hello packet is transmitted across the whole network. Nodes connect with the controller after recognizing it. Neighboring routers acquire information by sending an interest packet. The routing step gives permission to fill the FIB nodes, which then send the packet as relay nodes. CRos-NDN improves the mobility efficacy.
In Reference [
14], NDN improved the forwarding process with topology discovery and the management of tables. It used all three tables: CS, PIT, and FIB. It is a waste of time if there is no name prefix in the CS when dealing with huge tables. Named data networks improve the forwarding mechanism by adding the FlowFIB table, which minimizes the access number for prefixes and tables. There are two types of action, local and external, after redirecting the interest toward FlowFIB. Local action is all about the existence of a prefix in the CS. External action refers to the port that follows the forwarding process after prefix matching. Named data networks resolve problems like consumption of bandwidth, scalability, and delay. IT outperforms SRSC and CRoS-NDN. The above discussed forwarding strategies do not handle the priority packets, communication, or energy consumption of sensor nodes. There is no efficient forwarding model in the above discussed strategies.
Adaptive forwarding based link recovery for mobility support (AFIRM) in Reference [
23] is an efficient novel solution for mobility issues among producers and makes the data availability more effective. The focus of AFIRM is on data availability requirements.
Markov Decision Process Based Interest Scheduling (MDP-IOT) in Reference [
29] is an efficient technique to satisfy IoT applications that are delay intolerant. In this scheme, the interest schedule moves towards the right interface with low latencies after prioritizing the IoT traffic that results in less RTT.
Controller based Selective forwarding (CSF) in Reference [
15] is an efficient scheme to mitigate the broadcast storm problem using forwarding flows calculated in SDN controller. Consumer nodes can request these forwarding flows whenever needed, and only selective nodes perform forwarding instead of the native flooding mechanism. Broadcast Storm Avoidance Mechanism (BSAM) in Reference [
16] is a distance based forwarding mechanism that controls the packets propagation using controller. Each node calculates a counter value by calculating its distance from a sender node. The farthest node will then forward the packet. SDN controlled VNDN in Reference [
17] is an efficient forwarding mechanism that uses SDN controller for greater view of network for user. Packet classification triggers the Emergency packet dissemination. Road side unit has been equipped with Policy based bifold classifier for packet classification. Hybrid swarm optimization and cuckoo search algorithms are used for the best path selection. In Reference [
30] an SDN aided forwarding strategy in ICN is presented that copes with the mobility issues and dynamically updates the controller whenever a consumer or a producer detaches from the network.
SD-EAR in Reference [
18] is an energy efficient software defined forwarding mechanism. In the mechanism, network is divided in multiple clusters, controlled by SDN controller. Each controller already knows the topology inside the cluster zone. Outside the cluster, SDN is in the charge of controlling nodes to send their packets. SDN controller discovers the optimum energy efficient path after checking the residual energy of the nodes and flow tables. In this paper, a sleeping mechanism has been used for the exhausted nodes.
GIF in Reference [
19] proposes an energy efficient forwarding strategy. Sink nodes are used to keep record of neighbor ID, position and remaining energy of all the nodes in cluster. In this scheme, the sink node having more resources than the sensor nodes, but, the high loads in the sink node results in the more energy consumption and eventually in the death. Such sink nodes’ death causes to path loss and packet drops. There is no such criteria to prevent the energy of sink nodes, having most of the information of the cluster that will cause serious management problem.
The DMIF in Reference [
20] comprises of two collective forwarding modes, in which several energy efficient mechanisms including flooding scope control, flexible mode shift, packet suppression, broadcast storm avoidance and energy weight factors are designed to balance and save the energy consumption.
5. Problem Statements
In this section, problems in wireless networks, IoT, and NDN are discussed. These problems include broadcast storms because of the flooding nature of wireless channels and NDN. Energy problems, which cause a decrease in network performance, cost and delay important packets, are discussed as well. Some NDN-based IoTs can take befit from the broadcasting nature of NDN and the wireless medium to propagate interest packets. More than one neighboring node can listen to the packet transmission of an interest. These neighbors are the possible relay nodes and intermediate forwarders. These multiple forwarders increase the probability of packets being forwarded to the producer. The way content is requested, and the broadcast nature of the wireless medium, imposes challenges to the deployment of NDN-IoTs, particularly the “broadcast storm problem.” For NDN, after an interest is transmitted and received by neighbor nodes, the nodes will repeat the same process. Nodes are equipped with one wireless interface. In this scenario, the same interface is used to forward the packet, and all the nodes that are in the transmission range will receive the packet, even the nodes that have already received it. This leads to the broadcast storm problem. In this case, the consequences increase collisions and medium access time. Nodes using the same path can collide. The broadcast nature of NDN makes it even harder for the development of NDN based IoTs.
Figure 6 shows the scenario of broadcast storm problem. In our scenario case, C (consumer node) broadcasts an interest packet to P (Producer node). Node A and B receive the interest and broadcast it further. Then all the other nodes, C, D, E, F, G, and H receive the interest and broadcast the same request in the network in same manner that causes a broadcast storm issue.
Energy is one of the most critical aspects in real deployments of sensor networks and IoTs. A sensor node participates in sensing, processing, and communication subsystems. Optimization of energy consumption in sensor networks is generally a hard task, since it effects on maximizing the network life time along with reduction in energy consumption. The minimizing of sensor networks’ power consumption is becoming increasingly significant, especially in situations where many countries are independently developing programs to improve the efficiency of power networks and power supplies. The energy efficiency and power consumption of various devices are defined in several different conditions of work. In the case of load applications, it would imply efficiency at different levels relative to the rated power of the device. The energy consumption of the sensor nodes largely depend on protocols the sensors use for communication.
In an IoT system, the access communication of the regular and periodic interest and data packets sensed and sent by the sensor nodes can consume most of the energy and resources of the sensor nodes and network [
31]. In fact, in IoT scenarios, the less important regular sensing data flow regularly in access in the network and probability of emergency data with high priority is very low. This scenario can be a problem for the high-priority and reactive interest packets and data packets. So efficient routing and forwarding mechanisms are needed to preserve the energy and power of sensor nodes, enhance the network’s lifetime, minimize the overall energy consumption, and improve overall network performance.
Figure 6 shows the sensor node’s energy problem. In our scenario case, consumer node C broadcasts a less important interest packet to producer node P. Nodes A and B receive the interest and broadcast again. Then nodes C, D, E, F, and G receive the interest and broadcast the same request in the network. The communication of the less important packet consumes the energy of the sensor node. When a high-priority packet arrives, the node energy of E goes down very critically because the regular flow of low priority packet consumes most of the energy of the node. Hence, the packet faces a path loss or packet drop issue. Large data packets create an unacceptable delay for important packets because of the head-of-line (HOL) problem. The broadcast storm problem caused by the broadcast nature of wireless networks as well as the NDN forwarding model and the energy problem caused by the access in periodic movement of unimportant sensed data can be harmful to the in-time, efficient, and fast forwarding of the important, high priority, and emergency interest and data [
Figure 6 show the delay problem in which low priority packets create the delay problem for high priority packets on node E. The emergency and critical messages have higher priority than a chat between friends or the regular patterns of the traffic.
6. Energy-Efficient, Priority-Based Forwarding (EPF)
To cope with the broadcast storms and communication delays in the network, and to improve overall energy consumption, an Energy efficient Priority based Forwarding strategy has been proposed in this paper. Two main architectures are presented in our system model: 1. Node side architecture and 2. Controller side architecture.
6.1. Node Side Architecture
Like the traditional NDN architecture, Node side architecture contains CS that keeps the record of the content. The PIT keeps the information of unsatisfied packets. The additional part of EPF is its Local Information Table (LIT) and priority forwarding table. The LIT stores information of controller, neighbor IDs, residual energy and content names.
Figure 7 shows the node side architecture.
6.2. Controller Side Architecture
Controller side architecture in
Figure 8 consists of the Routing Information Table (RIT), FIB and Global Information Table (GIT). In the GIT, the entries are against each node’s ID, neighbor nodes, residual energy of the nodes, and content names presented in the CS. The RIT in the controller computes the best and the shortest possible path toward the producer node by keeping the track of the hop count to a minimum.
6.3. Packet Formats
Four types of packets are used in the EPF. Controller ID packets (C_ID pkt) contain information on the controller ID. This packet is broadcasted once at the start of the topology. New nodes in the network can communicate with neighbor nodes and send their information to the controller node after syncing with it. Local information packets (L_info pkt) have information on the node’s ID, the node’s residual energy, and the content names, which are broadcasted to the controller node and neighbor nodes for the population of the GIT and LIT. Interest packets in EPF (EPF I_pkt) have a naming scheme in which some priority criteria is presented: the path information, requested content name, and the nonce for the unique identifier of the packet. Data packets in EPF (EPF D_pkt) have the same structure as EPF I_pkt with addition of Producer’s signature.
Figure 9 shows the packet formats for EPF.
6.4. System Model
6.4.1. Controller Announcement
When the network starts, the controller announces its presence in the network by broadcasting the C_ID pkt. All the nodes update their LITs after receiving the packet, as shown in
6.4.2. Topology Discovery and Content Placement
At first, All the nodes broadcast L_info pkt to their neighbor nodes (in one-hop network range) after controllers’ announcement with its ID. After updating LITs, all the nodes then send L_info pkt to controller having information of their content names, ID, neighbor ID and the remaining energy of the nodes by enabling controller ID. Controller then updates the table entries of its GIT using the information sent by each node in L_info pkt. After GIT setup, the actual forwarding mechanism starts. This whole process of topology discovery is presented in
Figure 11 and Algorithm 1.
Algorithm 1: Topology Discovery and Controller Table Building |
6.5. EPF Forwarding Model
There are two communication modes in the IoT system discussed in earlier sections: a pull-based communication model that needs an interest request to respond with a data packet and a push-based communication model in which sensing nodes in the IoT system itself sense, collect, process and send data to the consumer without any prior request for that data.
When the consumer node sends an interest packet for content, the interest is sent to a neighbor node for content discovery and retrieval. The node matches its CS against the requested content. If data is found, the producer node sends data back to the consumer node. If there is no entry in the PIT or the CS, then the consumer node itself retransmits the packet to the controller to discover a producer in an efficient way. After receiving the interest packet, the controller checks its GIT for the matching content name and the producer of that content. After matching the content in the GIT, the controller computes the best possible and shortest path between the consumer and producer using the Dijkstra algorithm. In this computation, the controller verifies the residual energy of the potential forwarder with the content type and the active network status. The Dijkstra algorithm is the classical single-source algorithm that is always optimized in computation [
32]. After the computation and path establishment, the controller sends the packet back to the consumer node after embedding the path information in the packet. The consumer sends the interest packet to the producer, and every potential forwarder responds to the request after matching the path-naming scheme. All the nodes that do not match the path naming will drop the packet, while other nodes will send data back toward the consumer or forward the packet toward the next hop.
As discussed in detail, the regular and unimportant sensing data is much more present in the IoT environment than high priority and important data. Important information is rarely generated after time in the network, while the regular flow of the traffic in the IoT system can cause problems for the sensor node’s energy. Therefore, the arrival of high-priority information can be met with problems in in-time and efficient delivery. Government-related information, law enforcement agency-related information, high red-alert alarms, emergency situations, road accidents, and theft are scenarios of high priority; chatting, traffic patterns, and temperature are low-priority information. We categorized the five different types of data according to priority type in
Potential forwarders check the name embedded in an interest and data packet to differentiate the high and low priority packets. Naming schemes match the name in packet headers to the priority level, as defined in
Table 1. An energy threshold is set to achieve reliable transmission of high priority interest and data packets. We set the energy threshold value as 16%. Only high priority packets can forward through nodes beyond defined energy thresholds. GIT will update residual energy when the node’s residual energy reaches the threshold after getting information from L_info_pkt.
In our scheme, the priority mechanism is performed by using the timer-based rebroadcast mechanism for both interest and data packets. A defer timer value is set locally by each forwarder after evaluating the priority level that is embedded in packet header. The value of the timer is computed in a fully distributed way by each processing node without incurring any signaling overhead. Interest and data packet communication are described in Algorithm 2 and discussed above in EPF forwarding model.
Algorithm 2: Received Interest/Data Packet |
In order to assign priority to Data packets over Interest packets, two adjacent and distinct time windows are used to initialize the defer timers for Interest and Data forwarding. The above said time windows are Interest Defer Window (IntDW) and Data Defer Window(DataDW). The range of DataDW is [0, DataDWB] and range of IntDW is [DataDWB, IntDWB]. DataDWB and IntDWB are window bounds for DataDW and IntDW respectively. The sizes of DataDW and IntDW are set according to the the short inter-frame spacing (SIFS) and 802.11 slot time to adapt MAC dynamics quickly.
The aim of proposed forwarding scheme is to give High Priority (HP) Interest and Data packets, priority over Low Priority (LP) Interest and Data packets. For this purpose, we further split DataDW and IntDW into two separate sub-windows. In first sub-window of DataDW, only HP data packets can communicate using high priority timer (HPDT) in range of [0, HPDB]. The transmission of LP data packets will take place in second sub-window by selecting low priority timer (LPDT) in the range of [HPDB, DataDWB]. In IntDW, we used same mechanism in which only HP Interest packets can transmit using high priority timer (HPIT) in range of [DataDWB, HPIB] and LP Interst packet transmission will take place in second sub-window by selecting low priority timer (LPIT) in the range of [HPIB, IntDWB]. HPDB and HPIB are the bounds for high priority data and interest packets respectively. The complete defer window mechanism described in
This is the responsibility of each node to compute HPDB and HPIB dynamically according to the overheard traffic load for each priority level. To compute HPDB and HPIB, each node used to keep the track of total received data bytes of HP and LP. RHP and RLP are the total number of high priority and low priority bytes received. Any node can easily infer the RHP and RLP from packet-size field in NDN packet’s header. The bound between high priority and low priority (data packets and Interest packets respectively) in DataDW is dynamically computed as:
Higher number of HP results in higher HPDB and HPIB. We can compute the LPDB and LPIB analogously. After computation of defer window bounds each node needs to calculate (HPDT, HPIT, LPDT and LPIT for high priority and low priority Data and Interest packets respectively), whenever a node wants to forward the packet. If we use the aforementioned defer timer scheme then we can forward the high priority data and Interest packets earlier than the low priority ones. This mechanism reduces the unnecessary delay in forwarding of high priority packets.
Figure 13 shows the Complete Forwarding flow of EPF.
7. Simulations and Results
In this section, we presented a brief discussion about comparative schemes and simulation results. We evaluated the simulation under different performance metrics and simulation parameters. We compare our work in EPF with GIF and traditional flooding in NDN and evaluate the performance of our scheme. Selection of the best suitable threshold value for energy efficient strategy has also been presented in this section. We compared our scheme with an efficient forwarding scheme named Geographic Interest Forwarding (GIF) [
19]. In GIF, the support for Push based traffic is provided for NDN-IoT environment. Forwarding strategy in GIF is designed to enhance the network performance in term of energy consumption and scalability of sensor devices in IoT environment. In this scheme, the sink node having more resources than the sensor nodes, but the maximum load on the sink node results in the resource consumption. Whenever a node sensed some data, after Producer table entry in sink node, the push based forwarding consume a lot of energy. Sensor nodes can die very early in GIF because of the regular passing of the interest and data packet. Path loss issue can be there because of the dead sensor nodes. If the sink node will die and consume its energy then there is no criteria to preserve recent entries in the sink node and define another sink node. This paper is the most relevant to our proposed EPF. There are papers that discuss controller-based forwarding, but there is a lack of papers in the IoT domain that handle SDN controller-based communication with NDN-enabled communication. Some papers present the architecture of SDN-enabled communication, but still do not describe a forwarding mechanism. Others provide forwarding schemes related to SDN–IoT but in VANETs related IoT, not for WSNs and IoT. For the comparative study and analysis, we selected the GIF scheme because it was the most relevant to our simulation parameters and provided us with a broader and clearer view of the results of our scheme.
7.1. Simulation Model
The aim of the simulation is to evaluate whether the EPF based on the SDN–NDN–IoT system can provide us with better results in terms of network efficiency, efficient forwarding, and energy consumption of sensor nodes. To that end, the implementation of our code is in ndnSim and evaluation of EPF is with the GIF and native-flooding mechanism of NDN. In our simulation environment, IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol used. We deployed sensor nodes in a lattice and grid topology. The grid size is 10 × 10 nodes. The transmission range of each node was 100 m. The transmission network range was 1000 m × 1000 m. We evaluated our simulation results over an average of 20 independent runs and computed the results after that. For energy related computations, energy model of NDN is used in the simulation scenario. The initial energy of the nodes was 50 joules. Implemented simulation parameters are shown in
7.2. Performance Metrics
To evaluate the simulation, six different performance metrics were used in our results:
Total number of interests (NI): The total NI packets transmitted in the network from the consumer side.
Number of high-priority interests (HPI): The total number of high-priority interests successfully communicated in the network.
Total number of Retransmissions (RTx): RTx shows the total number of retransmitted interest packets.
Average energy consumption (AEC): The average power consumption of all the sensor nodes in the network.
Content retrieval time (CRT): The time it takes for the consumer to send an interest and receive data.
Network lifetime (NLT): The time when the first node dies in the network.
7.3. Threshold Selection
In our scheme for energy efficiency, an energy threshold value that is, 16% has been set to limit access transmission of the unimportant and periodic network packets. In this section, we analyze different threshold values for the sake of selecting a threshold value with the improved results in NI, retransmissions, dead nodes, overall AEC, interest satisfaction ratio. and priority interests. We selected the values 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 as threshold values to identify the best threshold value. The gap between the values is four so that we can analyze the results better. A smaller gap between threshold values would not permit significant analysis. We analyzed the threshold value with different threshold and a different number of consumer–producer pairs. The main idea to increase the number of consumer–producer pairs was to increase the traffic rate in the network and the flow of different types of traffic so that we could analyze the threshold results better.
Figure 14a shows an analysis of the total NI in the network. As the threshold value increases, the value of the total NI decreases gradually. Due to the threshold value, we limit the interests with low priorities. So, the low-priority packets less than the threshold value could not pass through the network. The interest rate increased with the increase in consumer–producer pairs. The lowest value of the threshold value was 16%, but as the threshold value increased from 20 due to an increase in retransmission interest, the total NI also increased.
Figure 14b shows an analysis of the AEC in the network. The average consumption of the nodes’ energy was high with a low threshold because of the excessive transmission of low-priority packets. With a threshold value of 16%–20%, AEC was lowest. With increase in threshold value, an increase in AEC occurred because of packet retransmission. The NI packet was smaller, with a threshold value of 16%, which resulted in fewer retransmissions of the packet. These two factors resulted in fewer dead nodes, and the energy consumption was also limited to the threshold selection. After evaluating and analyzing different threshold values with different evaluation parameters, threshold value of 16% gives us better results in almost all the evaluation comparisons. Therefore, we selected the threshold value of 16 for our energy efficiency scheme.
7.4. Simulation Results
Figure 15 shows the performance analysis of CRT, NI, AEC, and NLT against one to five consumer–producer pairs. The value of the x-axis is consumer–producer pairs; y-axis values are CRT, NI, AEC, and NLT. This performance graph illustrates that the performance of EPF was better than the performance of GIF and flooding. The value of CRT also increased with more consumer–producer pairs because of the access in traffic load and network congestion. The CRT of EPF was lower than GIF. The NI and AEC in EPF were less than both comparative schemes because of efficient use of the SDN controller and energy-efficient forwarding. Low energy consumption led to lower NLT in EPF against GIF and flooding. The energy efficient mechanism based on threshold that prevents the node energy for high priority packets results in better performance as compare to flooding and GIF. Increased Consumer/Producer pairs results in more traffic in the network. Any potential forwarder with energy below the threshold value will drop the LP packets. Efficient energy consumption will lead to the better NLT. As, only HP packets can travel through the nodes with energy less than threshold value, so so the NLT will also increase. The proposed forwarding mechanism uses controller and energy efficient mechanism, that results in better CRT as compared to other schemes. Controller involvement makes sure the fast and in-time packet delivery. While the limitation on low priority packets also results in better CRT and NI.
Figure 16 shows the evaluation of the performance according to the number of high-priority interests (HPI), number of retransmissions (RTx), AEC, and NLT against the number of nodes. The value of the x-axis is the number of nodes; y-axis values are HPI, RTx, AEC, and NLT. This performance graph illustrates that the performance of the EPF is far better than the performance of GIF and flooding. When the number of nodes increased, the value of the HPI increased in EPF because of the efficient priority forwarding mechanism. The priority interest satisfaction rate in EPF is far better than others, because of energy aware priority forwarding mechanism. Network availability is more reliable in EPF. In our proposed scheme, decreased NI and increased satisfaction ratio results in lower RTx in EPF than GIF because of the limitation on low priority packets and exact location mapping of the content through controller. The AEC in EPF is lower than both comparative schemes because of the efficient use of the SDN controller and energy-efficient forwarding. Low energy consumption led to lower NLT in EPF against GIF and flooding.


tier: cub

shelf: software-docs

title: Openai releases o1 llm unveils chatgpt pro

text:
OpenAI has officially released its OpenAI o1 large language model (LLM), built for complex reasoning. The company also introduced ChatGPT Pro, a $200 monthly plan that includes unlimited access to OpenAI o1, o1-mini, GPT-4o, and advanced voice conversations.
Available in a preview version, called o1-preview, in ChatGPT beginning September 12, OpenAI o1 proved to be better at code generation than previous OpenAI models.
The general release of OpenAI o1 was announced December 5. Compared to o1-preview, users can expect a faster, more powerful, and more accurate reasoning model that is better at coding and math, OpenAI said. A key improvement is that o1 now can be used to reason about image uploads, opening up new applications by explaining and analyzing visual representations with more accuracy and detail. The official o1 release is also more concise in its thinking, OpenAI said, resulting in faster response times than the o1 preview.
OpenAI testing has shown that o1 significantly outperforms o1-preview, reducing major errors on difficult real-world questions by 34%, according to the company. OpenAI o1 was trained with reinforcement learning to perform complex reasoning, and can produce a long internal chain of thought before responding to the user, OpenAI said.
Paid ChatGPT users can access o1 through the model selector, replacing o1-preview. Enterprise and Edu users gain access to o1 next week. Also, o1 will be made available in the API with new capabilities including vision, function calling, developer messages, and structured outputs, to enable richer interactions with external systems, OpenAI said.


shelf: health

title: Watch arminia bielefeld vs borussia dortmund live stream tv info

text:
Borussia Dortmund face another tricky test in the Bundesliga this weekend as they take on Arminia Bielefeld.
The games keep on coming for the injury-hit Borussia Dortmund, who make the trip to Arminia Bielefeld in the Bundesliga on Saturday. The Black and Yellows suffered a crushing 4-0 defeat to Ajax on Tuesday. And they will be looking to get back in the win column this weekend.
But they will have to do so without Erling Haaland, who faces weeks out on the sidelines after suffering a hip flexor injury. Thomas Meunier, Nico Schulz, Raphael Guerreiro, Mahmoud Dahoud, Gio Reyna and Youssoufa Moukoko will also miss this weekend’s game for Borussia Dortmund. And the injury crisis is sure to leave Marco Rose with plenty of thinking to do in terms of his team selection.
Arminia Bielefeld have made a poor start to the season but are capable of frustrating the big teams with their resolute defending. They have yet to win a Bundesliga game this season, but have conceded fewer goals than Borussia Dortmund.
Arminia Bielefeld vs Borussia Dortmund: Live Stream and TV info for Bundesliga clash
Borussia Dortmund’s Bundesliga clash against Arminia Bielefeld will be shown live in the United States on ESPN+. Fans in Germany can watch the game live on Sky Sport.
Date: Saturday, October 23, 2021
Kick-off: 15:30 CET / 14:30 BST / 09:30 ET
Stadium: Schüco Arena
Live Stream: ESPN+ (United States), Sky Go (Germany), SonyLIV (India), Sportsnet Now (Canada). Fubo.TV. Sign up for a free seven-day trial here.
TV: Sky Sport Bundesliga 1 (Germany), Sportsnet World (Canada), Sony Ten 2 (India)


shelf: finance

title: Usdp

text:
A valuation method that multiplies the price of a company's shares by the total number of outstanding shares.
The total amount of income generated by the sale of goods or services related to the company's primary operations.
Net Income (ttm)
The company's earnings for a period net of operating costs, taxes and interest.
Total number of common shares outstanding as of the latest date disclosed in a financial filing.
Company's net earnings or losses from continuing operations on a per diluted share basis.
The price-to-earnings (PE) ratio is the ratio between a company's stock price and earnings per share. It measures the price of a stock relative to its profits.
Measures the cash returned to shareholders by a firm as a percentage of the price they pay for each share of stock.
Name of stock exchange where the trading item trades.
The average number of shares traded each day over the past 30 days.
OpenThe opening trade price over the trading day.
Previous CloseThe last closing price.
A ratio that measures the risk or volatility of a company's share price in comparison to the market as a whole.
1 day delta
The range between the high and low prices over the past day.
The range between the high and low prices over the past 52 weeks.
has a market cap or net worth of . The enterprise value is .
Market Cap (ttm)Market Capitalization
A valuation method that multiplies the price of a
company's shares by the total number of outstanding
Enterprise Value (ttm)Enterprise Value
Enterprise value measures the total value of a company's
outstanding shares, adjusted for debt and levels of cash
and short-term investments.
Enterprise Value = Market Cap + Total Debt - Cash &
Equivalents - Short-Term Investments
The trailing PE ratio is . 's PEG ratio is .
PE Ratio (ttm)PE Ratio
The price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is a valuation metric
that shows how expensive a stock is relative to earnings.
PE Ratio = Stock Price / Earnings Per Share
PS Ratio (ttm)PS Ratio
The price-to-sales (P/S) ratio is a commonly used
valuation metric. It shows how expensive a stock is
compared to revenue.
PS Ratio = Market Capitalization / Revenue
PB Ratio (ttm)PB Ratio
The price-to-book (P/B) ratio measures a stock's price
relative to book value. Book value is also called
PB Ratio = Market Capitalization / Shareholders' Equity
P/FCF Ratio (ttm)P/FCF Ratio
The price to free cash flow (P/FCF) ratio is similar to
the P/E ratio, except it uses free cash flow instead of
P/FCF Ratio = Market Capitalization / Free Cash Flow
PEG Ratio (ttm)PEG Ratio
The price/earnings to growth (PEG) ratio is calculated by
dividing a company's PE ratio by its expected earnings
PEG Ratio = PE Ratio / Expected Earnings Growth
The stock's EV/EBITDA ratio is , with a EV/FCF ratio of
EV / Sales (ttm)EV / Sales Ratio
The enterprise value to sales (EV/Sales) ratio is similar
to the price-to-sales ratio, but the price is adjusted for
the company's debt and cash levels.
EV/Sales Ratio = Enterprise Value / Revenue
EV / EBITDA (ttm)EV / EBIT Ratio
The EV/EBITDA ratio measures a company's valuation
relative to its EBITDA, or Earnings Before Interest,
Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization.
EV/EBITDA Ratio = Enterprise Value / EBITDA
EV / EBIT (ttm)EV/EBIT Ratio
The EV/EBIT is a valuation metric that measures a
company's price relative to EBIT, or Earnings Before
Interest and Taxes.
EV/EBIT Ratio = Enterprise Value / EBIT
EV / FCF (ttm)EV/FCF Ratio
The enterprise value to free cash flow (EV/FCF) ratio is
similar to the price to free cash flow ratio, except the
price is adjusted for the company's cash and debt.
EV/FCF Ratio = Enterprise Value / Free Cash Flow
Return on equity (ROE) is and return on invested capital
(ROIC) is .
Return on Equity (ROE) (ttm)Return on Equity (ROE)
Return on equity (ROE) is a profitability metric that
shows how efficient a company is at using its equity (or
"net" assets) to generate profits. It is calculated by
dividing the company's net income by the average
shareholders' equity over the past 12 months.
ROE = (Net Income / Average Shareholders' Equity) * 100%
Return on Assets (ROA) (ttm)Return on Assets (ROA)
Return on assets (ROA) is a metric that measures how much
profit a company is able to generate using its assets. It
is calculated by dividing net income by the average total
assets for the past 12 months.
ROA = (Net Income / Average Total Assets) * 100%
Return on Capital (ROIC) (ttm)Return on Capital (ROIC)
Return on invested capital (ROIC) measures how effective a
company is at investing its capital in order to increase
profits. It is calculated by dividing the EBIT (Earnings
Before Interest & Taxes) by the average invested
capital in the previous year.
ROIC = (EBIT / Average Invested Capital) * 100%
Asset TurnoverAsset Turnover
The asset turnover ratio measures the amount of sales
relative to a company's assets. It indicates how
efficiently the company uses its assets to generate
Asset Turnover Ratio = Revenue / Average Assets
Inventory Turnover (ttm)Inventory Turnover
The inventory turnover ratio measures how many times
inventory has been sold and replaced during a time period.
Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of Revenue / Average
Trailing 12 months gross margin is , with operating and profit margins of
Gross Margin (ttm)Gross Margin
Gross margin is the percentage of revenue left as gross
profits, after subtracting cost of goods sold from the
Gross Margin = (Gross Profit / Revenue) * 100%
Operating Margin (ttm)Operating Margin
Operating margin is the percentage of revenue left as
operating income, after subtracting cost of revenue and
all operating expenses from the revenue.
Operating Margin = (Operating Income / Revenue) * 100%
Pretax Margin (ttm)Pretax Margin
Pretax margin is the percentage of revenue left as profits
before subtracting taxes.
Pretax Margin = (Pretax Income / Revenue) * 100%
Profit Margin (ttm)Profit Margin
Profit margin is the percentage of revenue left as net
income, or profits, after subtracting all costs and
expenses from the revenue.
Profit Margin = (Net Income / Revenue) * 100%
EBITDA Margin (ttm)EBITDA Margin
EBITDA margin is the percentage of revenue left as EBITDA,
after subtracting all expenses except interest, taxes,
depreciation and amortization from revenue.
EBITDA Margin = (EBITDA / Revenue) * 100%
In the last 12 months, had revenue of and
earned in profits. Earnings per share (EPS) was .
Revenue is the amount of money a company receives from its
main business activities, such as sales of products or
services. Revenue is also called sales.
Gross Profit (ttm)Gross Profit
Gross profit is a company’s profit after subtracting the
costs directly linked to making and delivering its
products and services.
Gross Profit = Revenue - Cost of Revenue
Operating Income (ttm)Operating Income
Operating income is the amount of profit in a company
after paying for all the expenses related to its core
Operating Income = Revenue - Cost of Revenue - Operating
Pretax Income (ttm)Pretax Income
Pretax income is a company's profits before accounting for
Pretax Income = Net Income + Income Taxes
Net Income (ttm)Net Income
Net income is a company's accounting profits after
subtracting all costs and expenses from the revenue. It is
also called earnings, profits or "the bottom line"
Net Income = Revenue - All Expenses
EBITDA stands for "Earnings Before Interest, Taxes,
Depreciation and Amortization." It is a commonly used
measure of profitability.
EBITDA = Net Income + Interest + Taxes + Depreciation and
EBIT stands for "Earnings Before Interest and Taxes" and
is a commonly used measure of earnings or profits. It is
similar to operating income.
EBIT = Net Income + Interest + Taxes
Earnings Per Share (EPS) (ttm)EPS (Diluted)
Earnings per share is the portion of a company's profit
that is allocated to each individual stock. Diluted EPS is
calculated by dividing net income by "diluted" shares
Diluted EPS = Net Income / Shares Outstanding (Diluted)
The company has a trailing 12 months (ttm) current ratio of , with a ttm Debt / Equity
ratio of .
Current Ratio (ttm)Current Ratio
The current ratio is used to measure a company's
short-term liquidity. A low number can indicate that a
company will have trouble paying its upcoming liabilities.
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
Quick Ratio (ttm)Quick Ratio
The quick ratio measure a company's short-term liquidity.
A low number indicates that the company may have trouble
paying its upcoming financial obligations.
Quick Ratio = (Cash + Short-Term Investments + Accounts
Receivable) / Current Liabilities
Debt / Equity (ttm)Debt / Equity Ratio
The debt-to-equity ratio measures a company's debt levels
relative to its shareholders' equity or book value. A high
ratio implies that a company has a lot of debt.
Debt / Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Shareholders' Equity
Debt / EBIT (ttm)Debt / EBIT Ratio
The debt-to-EBIT ratio is a company's debt levels
relative to its trailing twelve-month EBIT. A high ratio
implies that debt is high relative to the company's
Debt / EBIT Ratio = Total Debt / EBIT (ttm)
Dividends & Yields
This stock pays an annual dividend of , which amounts to a
dividend yield of .
Dividend Per Share (ttm)Dividend Per Share
Total amount paid to each outstanding share in dividends
during the period.
Dividend Yield (ttm)Dividend Yield
The dividend yield is how much a stock pays in dividends
each year, as a percentage of the stock price.
Dividend Yield = (Annual Dividends Per Share / Stock
Price) * 100%
Earnings Yield (ttm)Earnings Yield
The earnings yield is a valuation metric that measures a
company's profits relative to stock price, expressed as a
percentage yield. It is the inverse of the P/E ratio.
Earnings Yield = (Earnings Per Share / Stock Price) * 100%
FCF Yield (ttm)FCF Yield
The free cash flow (FCF) yield measures a company's free
cash flow relative to its price, shown as a percentage. It
is the inverse of the P/FCF ratio.
FCF Yield = (Free Cash Flow / Market Cap) * 100%
Dividend Growth (YoY)Dividend Growth
The change in dividend payments per share, compared to the
Dividend Growth = ((Current Dividend / Previous Dividend)
- 1) * 100%
Payout Ratio (ttm)Payout Ratio
The payout ratio is the percentage of a company's profits
that are paid out as dividends. A high ratio implies that
the dividend payments may not be sustainable.
Payout Ratio = (Dividends Per Share / Earnings Per Share)
The company has in cash and in
debt, giving a net cash position of .
Cash & Cash Equivalents
Cash & Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents is the sum of "Cash &
Equivalents" and "Short-Term Investments." This is the
amount of money that a company has quick access to,
assuming that the cash equivalents and short-term
investments can be sold at a short notice.
Cash & Cash Equivalents = Cash & Equivalents +
Total DebtTotal Debt
Total debt is the total amount of liabilities categorized
as "debt" on the balance sheet. It includes both current
and long-term (non-current) debt.
Total Debt = Current Debt + Long-Term Debt
Net CashNet Cash / Debt
Net Cash / Debt is an indicator of the financial position
of a company. It is calculated by taking the total amount
of cash and cash equivalents and subtracting the total
Net Cash / Debt = Total Cash - Total Debt
Book ValueShareholders' Equity
Shareholders’ equity is also called book value or net
worth. It can be seen as the amount of money held by
investors inside the company. It is calculated by
subtracting all liabilities from all assets.
Shareholders' Equity = Total Assets - Total Liabilities
Book Value Per Share (ttm)Book Value Per Share
Book value per share is the total amount of book value
attributable to each individual stock. It is calculated by
dividing book value (shareholders' equity) by the number
of outstanding shares.
Book Value Per Share = Book Value / Shares Outstanding
Working Capital (ttm)Working Capital
Working capital is the amount of money available to a
business to conduct its day-to-day operations. It is
calculated by subtracting total current liabilities from
total current assets.
Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities
In the last 12 months, operating cash flow of the company was and capital expenditures , giving a free cash flow of .
Operating Cash Flow (ttm)Operating Cash Flow
Operating cash flow, also called cash flow from operating
activities, measures the amount of cash that a company
generates from normal business activities. It is the
amount of cash left after all cash income has been
received, and all cash expenses have been paid.
Capital Expenditures (ttm)Capital Expenditures
Capital expenditures are also called payments for
property, plants and equipment. It measures cash spent on
long-term assets that will be used to run the business,
such as manufacturing equipment, real estate and others.
Free Cash Flow (ttm)Free Cash Flow
Free cash flow is the cash remaining after the company
spends on everything required to maintain and grow the
business. It is calculated by subtracting capital
expenditures from operating cash flow.
Free Cash Flow = Operating Cash Flow - Capital
FCF Per Share (ttm)Free Cash Flow Per Share
Free cash flow per share is the amount of free cash flow
attributed to each outstanding stock.
FCF Per Share = Free Cash Flow / Shares Outstanding
Estado de resultados anual de USD Partners LP (USDP), flujo de efectivo y balance general
USD Partners LP (USDP) Liquidez, rentabilidad, deuda, rendimiento operativo, flujo de efectivo, índices de valoración
USD Partners LP (USDP) Bundle
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shelf: education

title: Football

text:
After two weeks on the road, Concordia Football returns home this week to host Dakota Wesleyan for homecoming Saturday. The Bulldogs and Tigers will clash for the 24th time in series history. Concordia won last year's matchup, 20-12.
A close first half turned into a lopsided loss as four turnovers doomed the Bulldogs. No. 19 Dordt walked away with a 38-7 victory in Sioux Center, Iowa. The positive for Concordia was the performance of defensive lineman Kyle Sterup.
Whether situated in his home of Arlington, Texas, or otherwise, Rod Giesselmann '71 feels the "oneness" of Concordia. It's that special togetherness that lifted the 1970 Bulldogs to great heights and set Giesselmann up for success.
Another nationally ranked GPAC foe is coming up for the Bulldogs, who hope to build upon their 27-23 come-from-behind win over Jamestown. Concordia will meet up with Dordt for the 16th all-time series meeting.
Concordia found itself down 10 points on the road before rallying behind the running of Devin Zeigler. The Houston native found the end zone three times and Kyle Sterup made two sacks as the Bulldogs won at Jamestown, 27-23.
After making a strong push against No. 1 Northwestern, the Bulldogs will hit the road for the first time in 2023. Concordia will be at Jamestown for a 1 p.m. CT kickoff on Saturday. It will be the sixth all-time meeting between the two sides.
Concordia has announced a change to the kickoff time for the Sept. 30 home game versus Briar Cliff. Instead of a 1 p.m. start, the game will get underway at 6 p.m. CT underneath the lights inside Bulldog Stadium.
DJ McGarvie and the Concordia offense found themselves in a good old-fashioned shootout with the No. 1 team in the land. Ultimately, the firepower of defending national champion Northwestern won out, 48-35, on a hot day in Seward.
Michael Grindey has gone from Creighton rugby player to high school football coach to a star linebacker at Concordia. The outgoing Arizona native has thrived after following a twisting, turning path to Seward.
Right off the top, Concordia Football will draw defending national champion Northwestern. The 2023 season opener on Saturday will mark the 46th all-time meeting between the two sides. The Bulldogs' most recent series win came in 2016.
After seven seasons as defensive coordinator, Patrick Daberkow is ready to whistle up his first practice as head coach. We take a spring look at the football program and break down the Bulldogs, position by position.
Previously the defensive coordinator of the Bulldogs for seven years, alum Patrick Daberkow has been promoted to the role of head football coach at Concordia University. The announcement was made Dec. 9, 2016.
We recap the final season of head coach Vance Winter's eight-year tenure at Concordia. The 2016 Bulldogs finished 7-3 and were ranked 18th in the final regular-season national coaches' poll.
Vance Winter's eighth season as head football coach will be his last at Concordia. Winter has announced that he will step down following the completion of the 2016 season.
There are busy schedules and then there is Le'Dontrae Gooden's schedule. Part student. Part football player. Part military serviceman. Part caretaker. Gooden wears many hats.
Sean Stewart's contributions to head coach Courtney Meyer’s football program were immense, but what he’s done since his graduation has been even more impressive. Stewart serves the U.S. Coast Guard.
Jared Garcia rose to the top of the Concordia football program's all-time list for career touchdown catches following Saturday's 56-0 rout of Briar Cliff.
Senior linebacker Michael Hedlund has become a star and a centerpiece for Concordia's rugged defense. On and off the field, Hedlund represents the best of Bulldog football.
Here's why we should celebrate Concordia University football, from the people that know best.
Belgium is not exactly considered a hotbed for college football recruiting. But Brussels native Dylan Pierquin has found a home and a role with Concordia football.


shelf: home-craft

title: Fire pits

text:
Welcome to Emigh's Outdoor Living, where we believe in transforming your outdoor space into a sanctuary of relaxation, entertainment, and memories. One of the most coveted outdoor living features in recent years has been the addition of a fire pit. The allure of a glowing fire, be it under the starry night or during a cool evening, is universal.
Why Choose an Outdoor Fire Pit?
Outdoor fire pits have become a centerpiece of patios, decks, and gardens across the country. They offer a unique combination of warmth, ambiance, and a touch of luxury. Whether you’re hosting a gathering of friends or enjoying a quiet evening with family, a fire pit adds an unparalleled atmosphere.
Versatility: Choose from a variety of fuel options like wood or gas.
Design: Our collection boasts a wide range of designs from rustic to contemporary.
Functionality: Apart from keeping you warm, some models even double up as grills.
Types of Fire Pits at Emigh's Outdoor Living
Breeo: The Smokeless Wonder
If a wood fire pit is your preference, but you’re not keen on the smoke, Breeo offers the solution. Their innovative designs, particularly in the smokeless fire pit range, use airflow technology to significantly reduce smoke. It’s all the ambiance of a traditional wood fire without the tears and coughing!
O.W Lee: Craftsmanship Meets Elegance
For those with an eye for design, the O.W Lee collection is hard to overlook. Merging elegance with functionality, their fire pits are crafted for those who refuse to compromise on aesthetics. Their gas fire pit range offers a clean, efficient, and consistent flame, providing not only warmth but also a mesmerizing centerpiece.
Agio: Affordability Meets Quality
Agio is renowned for striking the balance between cost and quality. Their range of fire pits offers a mix of both gas and wood fire pit options. With Agio, you’re investing in a quality product that won’t break the bank but will certainly elevate your outdoor living experience.
Tropitone: Built for Memories
Tropitone believes in creating fire pits that last, not just in terms of durability but also in the memories they help create. Their collection boasts an array of styles, from sleek and modern gas fire pits to traditional wood-burning models. With Tropitone, you’re guaranteed a product built with passion and precision.


shelf: history-culture

text:
The First Chateau in Cyprus featuring Pinot Noir vineyards on its castle grounds by PUNIN GROUP
PUNIN GROUP proudly announces the acquisition of the renowned HADJIANTONAS WINERY, located in the village of Parekklisia, Limassol, and its complete transformation into CHATEAU PUNIN, Cyprus’ first winery built in the true château tradition. This visionary estate will become the future home of an exceptional Pinot Noir wine, set to debut in 2030.
This milestone marks a key step in PUNIN GROUP’s strategic expansion into the WINE & SPIRITS sector, where innovation and advanced technology are thoughtfully paired with reverence for centuries-old winemaking heritage. A major reconstruction and modernization initiative is planned for the estate: the expansion of facilities and aging cellars, installation of state-of-the-art equipment, the establishment of proprietary Pinot Noir vineyards, and the creation of a Premier Grand Wine, a label destined to elevate Cyprus’ presence on the global wine map.
The cultivation of Pinot Noir in Cyprus is a bold and pioneering endeavor, uniting acclaimed winemakers, agronomists, and wine critics from around the world. CHATEAU PUNIN aims to revolutionize the local industry. For the first time, Cyprus will serve as the terroir for producing one of the world’s most refined and challenging grape varieties.
“CHATEAU PUNIN is raising the bar for Cypriot winemaking,” says Dmitry Punin, founder of PUNIN GROUP. “By introducing the château model and launching Pinot Noir production, we are merging tradition with bold innovation to redefine what Cyprus can offer the world in fine wine.”
With CHATEAU PUNIN, Dmitry Punin is not only introducing a new level of winemaking excellence to Cyprus, but also establishing a world-class château model, where every stage of production, from hand-harvesting the grapes to bottling, is carried out on-site. This integrated, estate-driven approach, emblematic of the most prestigious wine regions in the world, guarantees meticulous quality control and an authentic expression of the terroir. Housed in an architecturally significant building, CHATEAU PUNIN will stand as a cultural and aesthetic landmark — a seamless fusion of tradition, craftsmanship, and innovation.
Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chateaupunin/


shelf: civic-law

text:
2C:4-4 Mental Incompetence Excluding Fitness to Proceed
a. No person who lacks capacity to understand the proceedings against him or to assist in his own defense shall be tried, convicted or sentenced for the commission of an offense so long as such incapacity endures.
b. A person shall be considered mentally competent to stand trial on criminal charges if the proofs shall establish:
(1) That the defendant has the mental capacity to appreciate his presence in relation to time, place and things; and
(2) That his elementary mental processes are such that he comprehends:
(a) That he is in a court of justice charged with a criminal offense;
(b) That there is a judge on the bench;
(c) That there is a prosecutor present who will try to convict him of a criminal charge;
(d) That he has a lawyer who will undertake to defend him against that charge;
(e) That he will be expected to tell to the best of his mental ability the facts surrounding him at the time and place where the alleged violation was committed if he chooses to testify and understands the right not to testify;
(f) That there is or may be a jury present to pass upon evidence adduced as to guilt or innocence of such charge or, that if he should choose to enter into plea negotiations or to plead guilty, that he comprehend the consequences of a guilty plea and that he be able to knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive those rights which are waived upon such entry of a guilty plea; and
(g) That he has the ability to participate in an adequate presentation of his defense.
L.1978, c. 95, s. 2C:4-4, eff. Sept. 1, 1979. Amended by L.1979, c. 178, s. 13, eff. Sept. 1, 1979.


shelf: science-engineering

title: sears battery charger manual

text:
sears battery charger manual
Welcome to the Sears Battery Charger Manual, your essential guide to understanding and using Sears battery chargers safely and effectively. This manual covers key features, safety tips, and step-by-step instructions for optimal performance. Whether you’re charging car batteries or maintaining marine batteries, this guide ensures you get the most out of your Sears charger while prioritizing safety and efficiency. Familiarize yourself with the models, settings, and best practices to maximize your charging experience.
1.1 Overview of Sears Battery Chargers
Sears battery chargers are reliable tools designed for various automotive and marine applications. They offer models like the 4 Amp 6/12 Volt Manual Charger (Model 2871836) and the 10/2 Amp Charger, providing flexibility for different needs. These chargers support AGM, GEL, and deep-cycle batteries, ensuring compatibility and versatility. With features like automatic shut-off and overcharge protection, Sears chargers prioritize safety and efficiency. Whether for cars, trucks, or boats, Sears chargers deliver consistent performance, making them a trusted choice for users seeking durable and efficient charging solutions.
1.2 Importance of Reading the Manual
Reading the Sears Battery Charger Manual is crucial for safe and effective use. It provides essential safety precautions, operational guidelines, and troubleshooting tips. Understanding the charger’s features, such as automatic shut-off and overcharge protection, ensures optimal performance. The manual also covers warranty details and maintenance schedules, helping you avoid voiding the warranty or causing damage. By following the instructions, you can extend the life of your charger and batteries while ensuring reliable charging for cars, trucks, and marine applications. Always refer to the manual before first use to guarantee a safe and efficient experience.
Key Features of Sears Battery Chargers
Sears battery chargers offer advanced features like automatic shut-off, multi-stage charging, and overcharge protection. They are compatible with various battery types, ensuring efficient and safe charging for cars, trucks, and marine applications.
2.1 Models and Specifications
Sears offers a range of battery charger models, each designed for specific needs. The Sears 4 Amp 6/12 Volt Manual Charger (Model 2871836) is a popular choice for standard vehicles. Other models, like the 10/2 Amp Charger, provide dual charging rates for versatility. The Sears 200.71206 model features automatic shut-off, while the 608.718571 model includes a built-in battery tester. These chargers are compatible with AGM, GEL, and deep-cycle batteries, offering amperage options from 2 to 10 amps. Always refer to your model’s manual for exact specifications and features.
2.2 Voltage and Amperage Options
Sears battery chargers are designed with flexible voltage and amperage settings to suit various battery needs. Common models offer 6V and 12V charge options, making them suitable for car, truck, and marine batteries. Amperage ranges from 2 to 10 amps allow users to choose between faster charging or gentler, overnight charging. Higher-end models, like the 10/2 Amp Charger, provide dual charging rates for versatility. Always match the charger’s settings to your battery’s specifications for optimal performance and safety.
2.3 Compatibility with Different Battery Types
Sears battery chargers are versatile and compatible with various battery types, including standard lead-acid, AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat), and GEL batteries. Models like the Sears 200.71211 and 200.71206 support 12V batteries with capacities ranging from 2-20Ah, ensuring reliable charging for automotive, marine, and deep-cycle applications. The chargers are also suitable for maintenance and trickle charging, making them ideal for both everyday use and long-term battery care. Always refer to your specific model’s manual to confirm compatibility and settings for your battery type.
Safety Precautions and Guidelines
Always read the manual and follow safety guidelines. Avoid incorrect connections and sparks. Use appropriate extension cords and ensure proper ventilation. Prioritize safety to prevent accidents and ensure reliable charging.
3.1 General Safety Rules
Safety is paramount when using a Sears battery charger. Always read and follow the manual instructions carefully. Ensure the charger is placed on a stable, heat-resistant surface away from flammable materials. Avoid overcharging, as it can damage the battery and pose a fire risk. Keep the area well-ventilated to prevent hydrogen gas buildup. Never touch electrical components with wet hands or while standing in water. Use the correct cable sizes and avoid damaged cords to prevent electrical hazards. Keep children and pets away from the charging area. Properly connect the battery terminals, ensuring the positive cable is attached to the positive terminal and the negative to the negative. Be cautious of sparks during connections. If unsure about any step, consult a professional. Regularly inspect the charger and battery for signs of wear or damage. Always unplug the charger when not in use. Following these guidelines ensures safe and effective charging, protecting both the user and the equipment. Remember, safety precautions are non-negotiable to prevent accidents and extend the lifespan of your Sears battery charger.
3.2 Proper Handling and Storage
Proper handling and storage of your Sears battery charger are crucial for maintaining its performance and longevity. Always handle the charger and battery with care to avoid physical damage. Store the charger in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, away from flammable materials and direct sunlight. Keep the charger and cables clean, using a soft cloth to wipe away dust or dirt. Avoid exposing the charger to extreme temperatures or moisture. When not in use, store the battery in a dry place, disconnected from the charger. Regularly inspect the charger and cables for signs of wear or damage. Proper storage and handling ensure safety and extend the life of your Sears battery charger, preventing potential hazards and maintaining reliability.
3.3 Warning Signs and Emergency Procedures
Be aware of warning signs such as overheating, unusual odors, or sparks, which indicate potential issues with the charger or battery. In case of an emergency, immediately disconnect the charger from the power source and the battery. Ventilate the area to prevent inhalation of fumes. Never use water to extinguish a battery fire, as it can worsen the situation. If the charger or battery is damaged, stop use and contact a professional. Always prioritize safety and follow emergency procedures to prevent accidents and ensure proper handling of the Sears battery charger.
Electrical Requirements and Setup
Ensure the charger is plugged into a grounded outlet matching its voltage requirements. Avoid using damaged cords or overloaded circuits. Always prepare the battery as instructed.
4.1 Power Supply and Plug-In Instructions
Connect the Sears battery charger to a grounded electrical outlet matching its voltage requirements. Ensure the outlet is not overloaded and avoid using damaged cords. Plug in the charger only after ensuring the battery is properly prepared and compatible with the charger’s voltage settings. Always follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for correct connections to prevent electrical hazards. Verify the battery’s voltage before plugging in the charger to ensure compatibility. Refer to the manual for specific power supply requirements for your model.
4.2 Extension Cord Usage Guidelines
Avoid using an extension cord if possible. If necessary, use a heavy-duty cord with a minimum wire size of 16 AWG or heavier. Ensure the cord is rated for outdoor use if applicable. Do not exceed 25 feet in length to maintain safe power delivery. Never overload the cord or outlet, as this can cause overheating or electrical hazards. Always inspect the cord for damage before use and replace it if worn or frayed. Properly secure connections to prevent accidental disconnections during charging.
4.3 Preparing the Battery for Charging
Before charging, ensure the battery terminals are clean and free of corrosion. Use a wire brush to remove any rust or debris. Check the electrolyte level in flooded batteries and top it off with distilled water if necessary. Make sure the battery is at room temperature, as extreme temperatures can affect charging efficiency. Disconnect the negative terminal first to prevent any accidental short circuits. Always wear protective gloves and eyewear when handling batteries. Ensure the battery is placed on a stable, non-conductive surface away from flammable materials.
Step-by-Step Charging Instructions
This section offers a step-by-step guide for safely and effectively charging your battery with the Sears Battery Charger. Follow these instructions for optimal results and battery longevity.
5.1 Connecting the Battery to the Charger
To connect the battery to the Sears charger, ensure the charger is turned off. Attach the positive (red) clamp to the battery’s positive terminal and the negative (black) clamp to the negative terminal or a grounded metal surface. Ensure terminals are clean and secure to avoid sparks. For models like the Sears 10/2 Amp charger, follow the polarity guidelines strictly. If unsure, consult the manual for specific instructions. Always prioritize safety to prevent short circuits or damage. Proper connections are vital for efficient charging.
5.2 Setting the Voltage and Amperage
Before charging, set the voltage and amperage according to the battery type. Refer to the manual for guidelines, as models like the Sears 10/2 Amp charger may vary. Ensure the voltage matches the battery’s rating (6V or 12V). For amperage, select a lower setting for smaller batteries or maintenance charging, and higher for faster charging. Always check the battery’s specifications to avoid overcharging. Proper settings ensure safety, efficiency, and extend battery life. Adjust carefully to match your needs and the charger’s capabilities.
5.3 Monitoring the Charging Process
Monitor the charging process closely to ensure safety and efficiency. Check the charger’s indicator lights or LCD display for status updates. Ensure the environment is well-ventilated to prevent hydrogen buildup. Avoid overheating by keeping the charger away from direct sunlight or flammable materials. Periodically inspect the battery terminals for secure connections and signs of damage. Refer to the manual for specific guidelines, such as those for the Sears 10/2 Amp charger. Stop charging immediately if unusual odors or sounds occur. Always follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for your model.
Maintenance and Troubleshooting
Regularly clean the charger to prevent dust buildup and ensure optimal performance. Inspect for damage and address common issues promptly. Resetting the charger may resolve minor problems;
6.1 Cleaning and Inspecting the Charger
Regular cleaning and inspection are crucial for maintaining your Sears battery charger’s efficiency and safety. Use a soft, dry cloth to wipe down the charger, removing dirt or dust that may interfere with its operation. Avoid using liquids or harsh chemicals, as they can damage the unit. Inspect the charger for any visible damage, such as frayed cords or broken components. Check the terminals for corrosion and clean them with a wire brush if necessary. Ensure all connections are secure and functioning properly. Refer to the manual for specific cleaning instructions tailored to your model.
6.2 Common Issues and Solutions
Common issues with Sears battery chargers include the charger not turning on, error lights flashing, or slow charging. If the charger doesn’t power on, check the power source and ensure the cord is securely plugged in. For error lights, consult the manual to interpret the codes and address the specific issue. Slow charging may indicate a weak battery or incorrect settings. Clean corroded terminals with a wire brush and ensure proper connections. If problems persist, reset the charger or contact Sears customer support for assistance. Always refer to the troubleshooting guide for model-specific solutions.
6.3 Resetting the Charger (If Applicable)
To reset your Sears battery charger, first disconnect the battery and unplug the charger from the power source. Allow it to remain unplugged for 10-15 minutes to fully discharge any residual power. Reconnect the charger to the power supply and ensure all cables are securely attached. If your model has a reset button, press and hold it for 5-10 seconds until the indicator lights reset. If issues persist, refer to your manual for model-specific reset instructions or contact Sears customer support for further assistance. This process helps restore default settings and resolve minor malfunctions.
Warranty Information and Support
Your Sears battery charger is backed by a comprehensive warranty, ensuring protection against defects in materials and workmanship. For detailed warranty coverage, visit the Sears website or refer to the provided manual. Additionally, Sears offers dedicated customer support for troubleshooting, repairs, and general inquiries. Online resources, including FAQs and downloadable manuals, are available to assist with any issues you may encounter while using your battery charger.
7.1 Understanding the Warranty Coverage
Your Sears battery charger is protected by a limited warranty that covers defects in materials and workmanship for a specified period. The warranty typically includes repairs or replacements at no additional cost; Coverage varies by model and is outlined in the provided manual. Warranty claims require proof of purchase and may not cover damage caused by misuse or normal wear and tear. For detailed terms and conditions, refer to the warranty section in your manual or visit the Sears website for clarification.
7.2 Contacting Sears Customer Service
For assistance with your Sears battery charger, contact customer service via phone, email, or through the official Sears website. Representatives are available to address questions, concerns, and warranty inquiries. Be prepared to provide your product model number and purchase details for efficient support. Visit the Sears website for contact information and additional resources. Customer service is available to help resolve issues and ensure your charger operates effectively. Reach out for troubleshooting, warranty claims, or general inquiries.
7.3 Online Resources and Manuals
For convenient access to Sears battery charger manuals and additional resources, visit the official Sears website or authorized online portals. Download PDF versions of user manuals for various models, ensuring you have the latest instructions and guidelines. These resources also include troubleshooting tips, compatibility charts, and FAQs to help resolve common issues. Utilize online forums and support pages for further assistance, ensuring optimal use and maintenance of your Sears battery charger. These resources are designed to enhance your user experience and provide comprehensive support.
Advanced Features and Settings
Explore advanced features like automatic shut-off, multi-stage charging, and overcharge protection to optimize performance and extend battery life. These settings ensure efficient and safe charging processes.
8.1 Automatic Shut-Off Function
The automatic shut-off function is a critical feature that prevents overcharging by turning off the charger once the battery reaches full capacity. This feature not only ensures battery longevity but also enhances safety by minimizing the risk of overheating or damage. It is especially useful for users who may forget to monitor the charging process. By automating the shut-off, Sears battery chargers provide a convenient and reliable charging experience, protecting both the battery and the charger from potential harm. This function is a key component in maintaining optimal battery health and performance over time.
8.2 Multi-Stage Charging Process
The multi-stage charging process is designed to optimize battery performance by adjusting the charging current and voltage through different phases. This advanced feature ensures that batteries are charged efficiently without overcharging. The process typically includes bulk charging, absorption, and maintenance stages, each tailored to specific battery needs. This method is particularly effective for AGM and GEL batteries, as it prevents overcharging and extends battery life. The charger automatically adjusts its output to match the battery’s state, ensuring a safe and complete charge every time. This feature enhances overall battery health and longevity.
8.3 Overcharge Protection Systems
The Sears battery charger features advanced overcharge protection systems to prevent battery damage. These systems monitor voltage and current levels, automatically shutting off the charger when the battery reaches full capacity. This prevents overheating, extending battery life and reducing the risk of premature degradation. Overcharge protection is especially crucial for sensitive battery types like AGM and GEL, ensuring safe and reliable charging. By integrating this feature, Sears chargers provide peace of mind and protect your investment in high-quality batteries. This technology is essential for maintaining optimal battery health and performance over time.
Environmental and Disposal Considerations
Always follow eco-friendly practices when charging and disposing of batteries. Properly recycle old batteries to prevent environmental harm and promote sustainable energy use. Sears supports green initiatives.
9.1 Eco-Friendly Charging Practices
Adopt eco-friendly charging practices to minimize environmental impact. Use energy-efficient Sears chargers with automatic shut-off to reduce power consumption. Always recycle old batteries responsibly and avoid improper disposal. Choose chargers compatible with renewable energy sources when possible. Sears promotes sustainable practices, ensuring their products align with environmental standards. Properly store batteries to prevent leakage and contamination. By following these guidelines, you contribute to a greener future while maintaining optimal charging performance. Sears supports eco-conscious users in their efforts to reduce ecological footprints.
9.2 Proper Disposal of Batteries
Properly dispose of batteries to prevent environmental contamination. Do not discard batteries in regular trash, as they contain hazardous materials. Check local guidelines for designated recycling centers or collection events. Neutralize battery terminals by covering them with electrical tape to prevent accidental short circuits. Participating retailers or service centers may accept batteries for safe disposal. Never crush or incinerate batteries, as this releases toxic substances. Sears emphasizes responsible disposal practices to protect the environment and public health. Always follow local regulations for eco-friendly battery disposal.
9.3 Recycling Opportunities
Recycling batteries is a crucial step in reducing waste and conserving resources. Many retailers and service centers offer battery recycling programs, accepting various types of batteries. Sears encourages users to participate in these initiatives to promote sustainability. Check local guidelines or partner organizations for nearby recycling facilities. Properly sorted and prepared batteries ensure safe processing. Recycling helps recover valuable materials and prevents hazardous substances from entering landfills. Sears supports eco-friendly practices and recommends exploring community recycling events or drop-off locations for responsible battery disposal. This ensures a cleaner environment for future generations. Always verify recycling requirements before submitting batteries.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- How long does it take to charge a battery? Charging time varies by battery type and capacity, typically ranging from 2 to 12 hours.
- Is the charger compatible with my vehicle? Check the manual for compatible battery types and ensure the charger matches your battery’s voltage and amperage requirements.
- What if the charger doesn’t turn on? Verify power connections, check for blown fuses, and ensure the battery is properly connected.
10.1 Common User Queries
Users often ask about charging times, compatibility, and troubleshooting. For instance, “How long does it take to charge a 12V battery?” or “Is this charger compatible with my car?” Others inquire about specific models, like the Sears 10/2 Amp charger or the DieHard battery charger. Common issues include the charger not turning on, which may relate to power supply or battery connections. Many seek clarification on automatic shut-off features and overcharge protection. These queries highlight the need for clear guidelines and troubleshooting steps to ensure safe and effective use of Sears battery chargers.
10.2 Charger Compatibility with Other Brands
Sears battery chargers are designed to work with various battery types, including those from other brands, as long as voltage and amperage settings align. Users often ask if Sears chargers can charge batteries from brands like DieHard or others. Generally, compatibility depends on the battery’s voltage (e.g., 12V) and the charger’s adjustable settings. For example, the Sears 10/2 Amp charger can charge 12V batteries from other brands if properly configured. Always check the battery’s specifications and charger settings to ensure safe and effective charging.
10.3 Time Required for Full Charge
The time required to fully charge a battery depends on its capacity and the charger’s amperage setting. Sears chargers, such as the 2 Amp or 4 Amp models, typically take 8-12 hours for a standard 12V car battery. Higher amperage settings, like 10 Amp, can reduce charging time to 4-6 hours. Always refer to the manual for specific guidelines, as charging times vary based on battery size and type. Proper monitoring ensures a safe and efficient charging process, preventing overcharging and extending battery life.
Properly using your Sears battery charger ensures safety and efficiency. Always follow guidelines, monitor charging, and store batteries correctly for longevity. Prioritize safety and efficiency in every use.
11.1 Best Practices for Longevity
To extend the life of your Sears battery charger and batteries, follow best practices. Regularly clean the charger and ensure proper ventilation. Store batteries in a cool, dry place and avoid overcharging. Always refer to the manual for specific guidelines. Monitor charge levels and avoid deep discharges. Use the correct voltage and amperage settings for your battery type. Inspect cables and connections for damage before use. By adhering to these practices, you’ll ensure optimal performance and longevity for both your charger and batteries.
11.2 Regular Maintenance Schedule
Regular maintenance ensures your Sears battery charger performs optimally. Clean the charger and cables monthly to prevent dust buildup. Inspect connections for corrosion and tighten loose terminals. Store batteries in a cool, dry place during off-seasons. Check the charger’s power cord for damage and replace if worn. Schedule annual checks for proper voltage output and amperage settings. Refer to the manual for specific maintenance tasks tailored to your model. Consistency in upkeep will extend the lifespan of both the charger and batteries.
11.3 Staying Updated with Manufacturer Guidelines
Regularly check for updates from Sears to ensure your battery charger operates at its best. Visit the official Sears website or contact customer support for the latest guidelines and software updates. Staying informed about new features, safety protocols, and maintenance tips can enhance performance and safety. Subscribe to newsletters or follow official social media channels for timely notifications. Updated guidelines may include improved charging algorithms, compatibility with new battery types, or enhanced safety measures. Always refer to the latest manual for the most current instructions and best practices.


title: How to give us money

text:
Thursday, July 13, 2017
How to give us money
Lately I have been finding money lying around at the library I work at. Here's some in the aisle where I'm shelving books. I have had pleasant dreams like this: "Oh, here's a bill, and look at all this change! Oh, don't mind if I do. Why, there's so much!" Walking by the reference desk there's a dollar on the ground. I give it to the Reference Librarian. "I guess they missed your tip jar." I say. Someone leaves a quarter behind at the front desk. "Where'd this come from?" I just throw it into our cash register. I never keep any of this money. Somehow that would feel wrong, like I'm not some sort of physical part of my library. Like I'm a visitor.
I am not a visitor. Among all the comments and actions of patrons that I bristle at, there are few that get to me more than if I'm asked "Do you work here?"
"No, I sit here at this official looking desk with a name badge just to soak in what it all might feel like. Can I pretend to help you?"
Hmph! "Do I work here". One might as well ask a stack of non fiction bookshelves if they are part of the library.
"No." They would say. "We're just visiting for the day and adopted this clever camouflage in the hopes that no one would ask us any ridiculous questions!!!"
"Well excuse me. Everyone in this library is so touchy!"
So, okay, yes, I work here. I have two main jobs: Delivering witty, irascible quips at every possible moment, and collecting the money people donate. Oh, you'd like to donate some money to the library? How kind. No, we don't have a box anywhere. Just throw it on the floor.