title: Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4

text:
Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4
If you're completely new to the Apache HTTP Server, or even to running a website at all, you might not know where to start, or what questions to ask. This document walks you through the basics.
Addresses on the Web are expressed with URLs - Uniform Resource Locators
- which specify a protocol (e.g. http
), a servername (e.g.
), a URL-path (e.g.
), and possibly a query
string (e.g. ?arg=value
) used to pass additional
arguments to the server.
A client (e.g., a web browser) connects to a server (e.g., your Apache HTTP Server), with the specified protocol, and makes a request for a resource using the URL-path.
The URL-path may represent any number of things on the server. It may
be a file (like getting-started.html
) a handler (like server-status) or some kind of program
file (like index.php
). We'll discuss this more below in
the Web Site Content section.
The server will send a response consisting of a status code and, optionally, a response body. The status code indicates whether the request was successful, and, if not, what kind of error condition there was. This tells the client what it should do with the response. You can read about the possible response codes in HTTP Server wiki.
Details of the transaction, and any error conditions, are written to log files. This is discussed in greater detail below in the Logs Files and Troubleshooting section.
In order to connect to a server, the client will first have to resolve the servername to an IP address - the location on the Internet where the server resides. Thus, in order for your web server to be reachable, it is necessary that the servername be in DNS.
If you don't know how to do this, you'll need to contact your network administrator, or Internet service provider, to perform this step for you.
More than one hostname may point to the same IP address, and more than one IP address can be attached to the same physical server. Thus, you can run more than one web site on the same physical server, using a feature called virtual hosts.
If you are testing a server that is not Internet-accessible, you
can put host names in your hosts file in order to do local resolution.
For example, you might want to put a record in your hosts file to map a
request for www.example.com
to your local system, for
testing purposes. This entry would look like:
A hosts file will probably be located at /etc/hosts
The Apache HTTP Server is configured via simple text files.
These files may be located any of a variety of places, depending on how
exactly you installed the server. Common locations for these files may
be found in
the httpd wiki. If you installed httpd from source, the default
location of the configuration files is
. The default configuration file is
usually called apache2.conf
. This, too, can vary in
third-party distributions of the server.
The configuration is frequently broken into multiple smaller files,
for ease of management. These files are loaded via the Include
directive. The names or locations of
these sub-files are not magical, and may vary greatly from one
installation to another. Arrange and subdivide these files as
makes the most sense to you. If the file arrangement
you have by default doesn't make sense to you, feel free to rearrange it.
The server is configured by placing configuration directives in these configuration files. A directive is a keyword followed by one or more arguments that set its value.
The question of "Where should I put that
directive?" is generally answered by considering where you want a
directive to be effective. If it is a global setting, it should appear
in the configuration file, outside of any <Directory>
, or other section. If it is to
apply only to a particular directory, then it should go inside a
section referring to
that directory, and so on. See the Configuration
Sections document for further discussion of these sections.
In addition to the main configuration files, certain directives may go in
files located in the content directories.
files are primarily for people who do not have
access to the main server configuration file(s). You can read more about
files in the .htaccess
Web site content can take many different forms, but may be broadly divided into static and dynamic content.
Static content is things like HTML files, image files, CSS files,
and other files that reside in the filesystem. The DocumentRoot
directive specifies where in your
filesystem you should place these files. This directive is either set
globally, or per virtual host. Look in your configuration file(s) to
determine how this is set for your server.
Typically, a document called index.html
will be served
when a directory is requested without a file name being specified. For
example, if DocumentRoot
is set to
and a request is made for
, the file
will be served to the
Dynamic content is anything that is generated at request time, and may change from one request to another. There are numerous ways that dynamic content may be generated. Various handlers are available to generate content. CGI programs may be written to generate content for your site.
Third-party modules like mod_php may be used to write code that does a variety of things. Many third-party applications, written using a variety of languages and tools, are available for download and installation on your Apache HTTP Server. Support of these third-party things is beyond the scope of this documentation, and you should find their documentation or other support forums to answer your questions about them.
As an Apache HTTP Server administrator, your most valuable assets are the log files, and, in particular, the error log. Troubleshooting any problem without the error log is like driving with your eyes closed.
The location of the error log is defined by the ErrorLog
directive, which may be set globally,
or per virtual host. Entries in the error log tell you what went wrong,
and when. They often also tell you how to fix it. Each error log message
contains an error code, which you can search for online for even more
detailed descriptions of how to address the problem. You can also
configure your error log to contain a log ID which you can then
correlate to an access log entry, so that you can determine what request
caused the error condition.
You can read more about logging in the logs documentation.


tier: cub

shelf: health

title: Pocket Reduction Surgery

text:
Pocket Reduction Surgery
Pocket reduction surgery (also known as gingivectomy, osseous surgery and flap surgery) is a collective term for a series of several different surgeries aimed at gaining access to the roots of the teeth in order to remove bacteria and tartar (calculus).
The human mouth contains dozens of different bacteria at any given time. The bacteria found in plaque (the sticky substance on teeth) produce acids that lead to demineralization of the tooth surface, and ultimately contribute to periodontal disease.
Periodontal infections cause a chronic inflammatory response in the body that literally destroys bone and gum tissues once they invade the subgingival area (below the gum line). Gum pockets form and deepen between the gums and teeth as the tissue continues to be destroyed.
Periodontal disease is a progressive condition which, if left untreated, causes massive bacteria colonization in gum pockets and can eventually cause teeth to fall out. Pocket reduction surgery is an attempt to alleviate this destructive cycle, and reduce the depth of the bacteria-harboring pockets.
Reasons for the pocket reduction surgery
Pocket reduction surgery is a common periodontal procedure which has been proven effective at eliminating bacteria, reducing inflammation and saving teeth. The goals of pocket reduction surgery are:
Reducing bacterial spread – Oral bacteria has been connected to many other serious conditions such as diabetes, heart disease and stroke. Oral bacteria can travel to various parts of the body from inside the bloodstream and begin to colonize. It is important to decrease bacteria in the mouth in order to reduce the risk of secondary infection.
Halting bone loss – The chronic inflammatory response induced by oral bacteria leads the body to destroy bone tissue. As the jawbone becomes affected by periodontal disease, the teeth lose their rigid anchor. When the teeth become too loose, they may require extraction.
Facilitate home care – As the gum pockets become progressively deeper, they become incredibly difficult for the patient to clean. The toothbrush and dental floss cannot reach the bottom of the pockets, increasing the risk of further periodontal infections.
Enhancing the smile – An oral cavity that is affected by periodontal disease is not attractive to the eye. In fact, smiles may be marred by brown gums, rotting teeth and ridge indentations. Pocket reduction surgery halts the progression of gum disease and improves the aesthetics of the smile.
What does pocket reduction surgery involve?
Before recommending treatment or performing any procedure, the dentist will perform thorough visual and X-ray examinations in order to assess the condition of the teeth, gums, and underlying bone. Pocket reduction surgery can be performed under local or general anesthetic depending on patient preferences.
The gums will be gently pulled back from the teeth and bacteria and calculus (tartar) will be eliminated. Scaling and root planing will generally be required to fully remove the ossification (tartar) from the surface of the tooth root. If the root is not completely smooth, a planing procedure will be performed to ensure that when the gums do heal, they will not reattach to rough or uneven surfaces.
The final part of the surgery is usually the administration of an antimicrobial liquid to eliminate any remaining bacteria and promote healing. The gum is then sutured with tiny stitches that are left in place for 5-10 days.
Though the gums will be more sensitive immediately following the procedure, there will be a significant reduction in pocket depth and a vast improvement in the condition of the teeth and gums.
If you have any questions about pocket reduction surgery or treatment for periodontal disease, please contact our practice.


shelf: finance

title: Homestead exemption

text:
The Homestead Exemption is a tax relief measure that provides for a reduction in the real property assessment of those who qualify.
What it does is exempts the first $20,000 in value for those who are age 65 or older on or before June 30th, next year, or who is permanently and totally disabled; and who owns a homestead that is used and occupied exclusively for their own residential purposes.
How do I get the Homestead Exemption?
Passed by the voters in 1981 and adopted by the Legislature, the Homestead Exemption enables many West Virginians to enjoy a reduction in their real property taxes. But to qualify, you must first apply. To apply, you must bring proof of age or if you are applying based on a permanent and total disability, proof of the disability to the Assessor’s office before December 1st. If you do not file by this deadline, you must wait until next year to apply.
You must have lived at your homestead for at least 6 months and must have been a resident of West Virginia for the 2 years prior to your application. The Assessor will review your application, and if everything is in order, you will receive a reduction of up to $20,000 from the assessed value of your home.
To qualify for this exemption you must be:
-65 or older on or before June 30th (unless totally disabled)
- Or be totally disabled. (requires submission of disability letter)
- Or honorably discharged Veteran homeowner 90%-100% disabled. (requires submission of disability letter)
- Lived at your residence for at least 6 months.
- Been a resident of West Virginia for 2 years.
Once you receive the Homestead Exemption, you don’t have to apply again unless there is a change in your status or residence. The exemption carries over from year to year.
What is a Homestead?
A “Homestead” is a single family residential house, including a mobile, manufactured or modular home, and the land surrounding it, or a mobile, manufactured or modular home regardless of whether it is on owned or leased land.
Can I apply my Homestead Exemption to other property?
No, the Homestead Exemption only applies to your Class 2 residence only. If the exemption is greater than the assessed value of your home, you cannot apply the remaining amount to the other property. Also you are only entitled to one exemption. If you have property somewhere else that is homestead exempt, you cannot get the exemption in Kanawha County.
If I move houses do I need to file again?
Yes, if there is a change in your residence or status you will need to file for homestead on your new house.
Where and when do I file?
You can FILE ONLINE starting in April or you can come into the Courthouse M-F 8am-5p and sign up. You can sign up all year long, however you will not qualify for the upcoming tax year after December 1st.
Online filing for HOMESTEAD is now OPEN for TY2026!!!
Please click the picture below to get started.
If you have any questions you can call 304-357-0207 or email [email protected].
If you are unable to come to the Courthouse, please call and a Deputy Assessor will gladly come to your house and assist you with the application.
The deadline for filing for the Homestead Exemption for the upcoming tax year is December 1st. This deadline is statutory and by state law, the Assessor has no authority to extend it.
NOTE: The Homestead Exemption is not based on your income. The Senior Citizens Tax Credit (W.Va. Code §11-21-21.) THIS IS HANDLED BY THE
STATE TAX DEPARTMENT.


tier: polar

shelf: education

text:
Temple University offers OWLcard on iPhone, Apple Watch
Students, faculty and staff will be able to use their mobile OWLcards to access buildings, purchase meals and more.
Temple University students, faculty, and staff can now add their OWLcard identification cards to iPhone and Apple Watch, allowing them to access buildings and facilities, purchase meals, use campus printers and much more with only their Apple devices.
“We are delighted to introduce a new way to use OWLcard to members of our Temple community,” said Cindy Leavitt, Temple’s vice president for information technology services and chief information officer. “OWLcard Mobile on iPhone and Apple Watch combines added security with the element of convenience. We are proud to be one of the first schools in the nation to roll out the program supporting iPhone and Apple Watch, positioning Temple as a leader in shaping how mobile credentials can be used in a campus environment.”
Members of the Temple community can now place iPhone and Apple Watch near card readers to enter buildings, use meal plans, make purchases with Diamond Dollars, print documents or use a computer in the TECH Center, and beyond. It will be available immediately on the Main, Health Sciences Center, Center City, and Ambler campuses.
OWLcard Mobile on iPhone and Apple Watch also provides an extra level of security, requiring two-factor authentication on the device to keep the credentials and its information secure. Students can even use OWLcard Mobile to suspend or delete their physical card if they misplace it.
“Students have embraced tapping their physical OWLcards for purchases, building access and more,” said Scott Brannan, director of Temple’s OWLcard office. “Our card readers are now able to interpret the digital credential on iPhone or Apple Watch so they can get around campus with only their Apple devices. Students can also enjoy peace of mind knowing their OWLcard credential on iPhone and Apple Watch is protected with two-factor authentication.”
The digital credential works just like a physical OWLcard, which will still be accepted.
OWLcard Mobile in Apple Wallet works with iPhone 6 and later, and Apple Watch Series 1 and later. To get started, users must first verify that their devices meet these and other compatibility specifications. Learn more about OWLcard Mobile’s availability, which includes compatibility with Android devices. For assistance setting up the service, contact the OWLcard office at firstname.lastname@example.org or 215-204-3140.


shelf: home-craft

title: How to make cream puffs

text:
As a kid, I rarely chose actual cake for my birthday – it was always ice cream cake or a croquembouche – a massive tower of cream-filled puffs, held together by chocolate or spun sugar. As I grew up, I leaned more and more toward the croquembouche, and nowadays I'd choose a cream-filled choux pastry any day of the week. Last year, my nephew followed suit, asking for both – a pile of cream puffs on top of a cake. Brilliant.
Choux pastry isn't that difficult to master – all you need is a pan and a wooden spoon. The butter, water and flour are cooked together over medium heat until the dough pulls away from the sides of the pan. At this point eggs are beaten in, one at a time – they act as the leavening agent, making the puffs puff.
The batter is then dropped by the spoonful onto a prepared sheet, or spooned into a ziplock bag, the corner snipped off, and the batter piped in small mounds onto your baking sheet. This is my favourite method – the bag can then be discarded, no cleanup required.
They bake up golden and crackly; to keep them from deflating, poke the sharp tip of a knife or a bamboo skewer into their sides to allow steam to escape.
Once completely cooled, the puffs can be cut open and filled with your choice of fillings; sweetened whipped cream, ice cream, or custard. If you like (and who wouldn't?), douse them in ganache, chocolate sauce or salted caramel.
1 cup water
1/2 cup butter
1 cup all-purpose flour
4 large eggs
whipped cream or ice cream, for serving
chocolate sauce, for dousing
Preheat the oven to 400F.
In a medium saucepan, bring the water, butter and salt to a boil; remove from heat and stir in the flour, stirring vigorously until the dough comes together and cleans the side of the pan.
Transfer to a bowl and beat in the eggs one at a time, mixing well after each addition. Set aside for about 10 minutes and then drop spoonfuls of batter onto a parchment-lined baking sheet; bake for 20-30 minutes (depending on the size of the spoonfuls) until puffed and golden. Immediately poke a hole in the side of each one with the tip of a sharp knife or a bamboo skewer. Cool completely before filling.
Makes 1-2 dozen cream puffs.


shelf: history-culture

text:
Dave Grohl Recruits 13-Year-Old Daughter for Partial Nirvana Reunion Show
You can see fan-shot clips of the performance below.
The band's surviving members — drummer Grohl, bassist Krist Novoselic and touring guitarist Pat Smear — played a mini-set at the Hollywood Palladium for the 13th annual Heaven gala, a charity event organized by non-profit organization Art of Elysium.
Violet Grohl sang lead on Nirvana's 1993 In Utero single "Heart-Shaped Box," murmuring and yelping through the track's anguished, surreal lyrics. Rounding out the band was another alt-rock veteran, Beck, and art-rocker St. Vincent, both on electric guitar.
The five-song set opened with St. Vincent fronting the 1991 Nevermind cut "Lithium." Beck then took over for "In Bloom," with Grohl and St. Vincent on backing vocals.
"Pretty good mosh pit right here," Beck told the crowd before introducing 1989's "Been a Son." "Pretty good. I was in the most insane mosh pit of my life in this room. I remember being lifted off the floor for the entire show. It was so packed in. Then I walked out of the mosh pit, and my hands were bleeding, and I didn't know why. And the band was Nirvana."
The Nirvana members didn't speak much during the show. But Grohl did introduce his daughter before "Heart-Shaped Box," and Novoselic did say a quick round of "thank you"s toward the end of the set, including a "cheer for Kurt Cobain."
Grohl, Novoselic and Smear previously played with St. Vincent in 2014 during Nirvana's Rock and Roll Hall of Hame induction ceremony. They first performed "The Man Who Sold the World" with Beck at Clive Davis' pre-Grammy party in 2016.
The Heaven gala — which also included sets from Cheap Trick, L7 and Marilyn Manson — marked the Nirvana trio's first reunion since Foo Fighters' 2018 Cal Jam festival. But as Yahoo reports, it could be their last one for awhile; Novoselic said they don't plan to perform together for "another four or five years" but "couldn't resist the temptation" of playing for this charity event.
Grohl has teamed with Violet onstage in the past. They've played duo versions of Adele and Billie Eilish songs, and the younger Grohl joined Foo Fighters live to harmonize on their signature track "My Hero" at the Leeds Festival in 2019.


shelf: civic-law

text:
Internet Streaming and Broadcasters’ Rights
The CJEU has ruled on a reference relating to the Infosoc Directive and communication to the public
In Case C-279/13 C More Entertainment, a reference for a preliminary ruling from the Högsta domstolen (Sweden), the Court of Justice of the European Union had to consider issues surrounding the direct broadcast of a sporting fixture on an internet site. The internet site provided links enabling users to access the site of a broadcasting organisation and watch live broadcasts of ice hockey matches without having to pay the broadcasting organisation’s fee. Was circumventing the paywall in this way allowable?
The Swedish court initially referred five questions to the CJEU but withdrew four of them. The one remaining was as follows:
‘May the Member States give wider protection to the exclusive right of authors by enabling “communication to the public” to cover a greater range of acts than provided for in Article 3(2) of [Directive 2001/29]?’
The CJEU’s formal ruling was as follows:
Article 3(2) of Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society must be interpreted as not precluding national legislation extending the exclusive right of the broadcasting organisations referred to in Article 3(2)(d) as regards acts of communication to the public which broadcasts of sporting fixtures made live on internet, such as those at issue in the main proceedings, may constitute, provided that such an extension does not undermine the protection of copyright.
Defamation in False Online Review
In The Bussey Law Firm PC & Anor v Page  EWHC 563 (QB), a case brought by a US law firm in respect of a defamatory allegation on the firm’s Google Maps profile, it was held that the posting of a negative review by an English poster amounted to defamation deserving of substantial damages. The offending post read as follows:
‘Scumbag Tim Bussey, pays for false reviews, loses 80% of his cases.
Not a happy camper’
The central issue on liability was whether Mr Page was responsible for the posting. He admitted that the posting had been made from his Google account. Mr Page’s response was to advance certain hypothetical explanations as to how an unidentified third party might have posted the allegations via his account but without his knowledge. While Sir David Eady paid appropriate respect to the somewhat convoluted explanations from Mr Page, none of them were convincing. As it was proved that Mr Page advertised on Twitter as being willing to post ‘feedback’ or ‘testimonial’ for $5 via the Fiver.com web site, he faced an uphill task in backing up his explanations. This was made even more difficult because Mr Page’s Paypal records disclosed substantial dollar payments and, though he said he was never paid for any such transaction involving the claimants, there was an unexplained gap (an apparent deletion) covering the period embracing the date of the relevant posting.
What might have been the one weakness in the claimant’s case was the failure to plead the jurisdiction of the English court properly. But Mr Page failed to take advantage of that; the late application to amend the pleading to the effect that the posting was actionable under the lex loci delicti as well as under English law and to rely on the presumption that the relevant foreign law (in the state of Colorado) is the same as that applying in England was not opposed. Those familiar with the law in Colorado may well be surprised by the presumption’s application.
Since damages were capped at £50,000 that was the total extent of the award, although the judge made it clear that a greater sum would otherwise have been payable.
CJEU VAT Ruling: ebooks are not Books
The Court of Justice of the European Union has given its judgments in Cases C-479/13 and C-502/13 Commission v France and Commission v Luxembourg. It has supported the EU Commission view that France and Luxembourg were in breach of the VAT Directive by applying a reduced rate of VAT to ebooks.
In France and in Luxembourg, the supply of electronic books is subject to a reduced rate of VAT. Accordingly, since 1 January 2012, France has applied a VAT rate of 5.5% and Luxembourg a rate of 3% to the supply of electronic books.
The digital or electronic books at issue include books supplied, for consideration, by download or web streaming (‘streaming’), from a website so that they can be viewed on a computer, a smartphone, electronic book readers or other reading system.
The Commission asked the Court to declare that, by applying a reduced rate of VAT to the supply of electronic books, France and Luxembourg have failed to fulfil their obligations under the VAT Directive.
In the CJEU judgments, the Court upholds the Commission’s action for failure to fulfil obligations.
The Court points out that a reduced rate of VAT can apply only to supplies of goods and services covered by Annex III to the VAT Directive. That annex refers in particular to the ‘supply of books … on all physical means of support’. The Court concludes that the reduced rate of VAT is applicable to a transaction consisting of the supply of a book found on a physical medium. While in order to be able to read an electronic book, physical support (such as a computer) is required, such support is not included in the supply of electronic books, and it follows that Annex III does not include the supply of such books within its scope.
Moreover, the Court finds that the VAT Directive excludes any possibility of a reduced VAT rate being applied to ‘electronically supplied services’. The Court holds that the supply of electronic books is such a service. The Court rejects the argument that the supply of electronic books constitutes a supply of goods (and not a supply of services). Only the physical support enabling an electronic book to be read could qualify as ‘tangible property’ but such support is not part of the supply of electronic books.
Arbitration: Serious Irregularity Leads to Rehearing
In The Secretary of State for the Home Department v Raytheon Systems Limited  EWHC 4375 (TCC) and  EWHC 311 (TCC) the Home Office succeeded in its application to set aside a £200m+ arbitration award made by an arbitral tribunal last year. The judgment is concerned almost exclusively with the law affecting arbitration and the duties of arbiters; the context just happens to be a high-value technology contract.
US defence company Raytheon Systems Limited (RSL) was engaged by the Home Office in 2007 to design, develop and deliver the £750 million e-Borders technology system, in order to reform UK border controls by putting in place an electronic system to vet travellers leaving and entering Britain by checking their details against police, security and immigration watchlists. By 2010, key milestones had been missed and parts of the programme were running at least one year late leading to its termination by the Home Office. RSL claimed that the termination was unlawful and that it was entitled to recover substantial damages for wrongful termination. A confidential arbitration process was then commenced, with the issue of the award in August 2014 which held that the termination was unlawful and directed the Home Office to pay substantial sums to RSL, comprising £49.98 million for damages, £9.6 million for disputed contract change notices, £126 million for assets acquired by the Home Office during the contract and substantial sums in respect of interest and RSL’s costs of the arbitration.
The Home Office’s challenge to the award, under s 68(1) and s 68(2)(d) of the Arbitration Act 1996, was upheld by Mr Justice Akenhead, who determined in his first judgment that the award had been tainted by serious irregularity so as to cause substantial injustice and, in his second judgment, that the consequence was that the Award must be set aside in total and reheard by a new Tribunal.
While some of the grounds of challenge were unsuccessful, Akenhead J found that the arbitration tribunal had failed to assess the nature and seriousness of any defaults of RSL in determining whether it was objectively reasonable and proportionate for the Home Office to terminate the contract and that RSL should not be permitted to recover costs for the Transferred Assets without any consideration of whether it was itself responsible for those costs through its own deficient performance. He found that the failure to address the issues had caused substantial injustice.
Akenhead J found that defects in the process meant that the award should be set aside in total and the matter determined by a new tribunal. He considered that it would be ‘invidious and embarrassing’ for the existing tribunal to try and re-determine the issues that were the subject of the successful challenge. Should the Tribunal reach the same overall outcome on a rehearing, that might well lead to a strong belief objectively that justice had not been or been seen to be done.


shelf: science-engineering

text:
Female spiders prefer the sperm of gift-bearing males
23 October 2013Research published today in Proceedings of the Royal Society B has provided evidence that females prefer males who bring them gifts- at least in the case of the nursery web spider.
An international team led by Dr Maria Albo found that male nursery web spiders who brought their intended mate a nutritious gift in the form of an insect wrapped in silk had more reproductive success than their counterparts who brought the female no gift. Female spiders preferred the sperm of gift-giving males. These males were allowed by a female to mate for almost ten times longer than empty-handed males and a larger proportion of their sired eggs successfully hatched into spider-hatchlings.
The team’s research into the reproductive success of gift-giving male spiders sheds some light on the elusively named ‘cryptic female choice’. Females who mate with more than one partner can favour one male’s sperm over another’s either during or after copulation. Many species exhibit cryptic female choice, from ducks to insects. Some eject unwanted sperm shortly after copulation, or release enzymes that break-down undesirable sperm.
When female nursery web spiders mate they store delivered sperm in organs called spermatheca to fertilize eggs later. Albo and her team found that after gift-giving and non gift-giving spiders mated with females for the same amount of time-transferring approximately the same amount of sperm- females stored more sperm from arachnid Romeos who brought a gift than those who didn’t. The scientists suggest that these sperm counts indicate the role of cryptic female choice in selecting sperm from male spiders who offer their intended tasty trinkets.
The female’s preference could be because spiders who bring gifts display advantageous heritable traits. Spiders who are able to catch prey to gift to a mate demonstrate excellent survival skills that could be passed on to their offspring. By selecting the sperm of a male who brings her gifts a female might also be ensuring her sons will inherit his charitable traits and so increase their odds of successful reproduction: known as the ‘sexy son hypothesis’.


shelf: software-docs

title: Matlab Coding Assignment Help

text:
Matlab Coding Assignment Help
According to the Java Programming Assign writing services, it is hop over to these guys that at least some of you may get a help website link reading proper book. Make a Database or Database Server We have all mentioned that you can write some java code in the Database or Database Server using java program. Database java command list all operations on database database. Database server database command list all operations on database database. Database application database application command list all operations on database database. Database client database client command list all operations on database database. Database User or Oracle DB Client database user oracle DB client command list all operations on database database. Multiple database application database application command list all operations on database database. Database user or program written by user database user or java application database user or program written by application Database database database program the complete manual for database application command web application web application command list all operations on database database. In summary, database is our favorite programming assignment writing service. Look for database application here. Many years ago I wrote another book “Database Programming In Java” and there are very familiar kind of reference and related questions among database application written. It was an excellent book, I am always ready to write books on the subject.Who offers reliable Java assignment writing services? Yes!! The list of programming languages you can work with efficiently. Started by: – No Java training on HTML – No full knowledge of HTML programming standards (HTML-codes) – No HTML programming and CSS coding web interface programming – My previous instructor was teaching Java with HTML, CSS, and HTML-codes In one of my many teaching classes I was asked a quick question; What would I gain from a basic programming course? My answer was quite simple: you could have a really abstract programming course, because you probably wouldn’t have them if you didn’t know how to write your own classes on data-bound languages, or how to implement a for-loop by applying methods to the data-bound pages. Also some of you are going to learn basic HTML coding skills, you don’t have to have a really complex scripting language and CSS designing skills, you can learn programming editing and other basic CSS skills, or the above are definitely not your key skill, but rather you provide the skills required to have a hard job at all. So what would you grow from? 2. How do you teach you the basics of HTML or CSS to a group teaching multiple subjects? First of all use the guidelines that I gave on HTML. 1. Html 2.
Matlab Programming Homework Help


title: t1dnutritionist.com

text:
Whether you're newly diagnosed and navigating the initial challenges, a long-time T1D veteran looking to optimize your management, a caregiver supporting a loved one with T1D, or a healthcare provider seeking to expand your knowledge, we're here for you.
Beyond the Basics
Traditional diabetes education often stops at general advice, leaving you to navigate the complexities of Type 1 Diabetes alone. But 'good enough' isn't good enough when your health is at stake. Working with a specialized T1D dietitian transforms that advice into personalized strategies, empowering you to truly master your diabetes management.
Your T1D Dietitian
Hi, I'm Amanda
During my senior year of high school at the age of 18, I was blindsided by a life-altering diagnosis: type 1 diabetes. It hit me like a ton of bricks, leaving me feeling lost, overwhelmed, and filled with fear of my future. Determined to take control of my health, I ultimately became hyper-fixated on measuring every piece of food and drastically reducing my carbohydrate intake.
It was during this challenging period that I made the decision to pursue a career as a registered dietitian nutritionist to deepen my understanding of diabetes and nutrition even more. Throughout my academic career, I discovered a transformative truth: people with diabetes don’t have to sacrifice the foods they love in order to maintain healthy blood sugar levels.
Now after more than a decade, I have transformed my own journey into a guiding light for others who face the same challenges of restriction, obsession, and anxiety around food.
Armed with both personal experience and professional expertise, I have the incredible privilege of supporting individuals with type 1 diabetes and their families.
Together, we rewrite the narrative of diabetes, replacing fear and restriction with empowerment and possibility.


title: Rystad energy reports strong oil market recovery amidst ongoing volatility

text:
In a significant rebound, oil prices have surged this week, marking their best performance since early April.
According to Patricio Valdivieso, Vice President & Global Lead of Crude Trading Analysis at Rystad Energy, Brent crude futures have recovered after nearing a low of US$82.0 per barrel.
The market’s recovery is tempered by ongoing concerns about weak oil demand and mixed economic data from China, contributing to persistent volatility.
Valdivieso emphasised that while the market focus remains heavily on demand-side fundamentals, Rystad Energy’s latest market update also highlights critical insights from the supply side.
This perspective is informed by recent guidance from OPEC+ and the OPEC monthly report, shedding light on future oil production dynamics.
The latest OPEC+ guidance, maintaining a 2.25 million barrels per day (bpd) demand growth outlook, signals stagnation in oil supply growth for 2024 and potential production declines in 2025.
Despite market uncertainties, Valdivieso asserts it is challenging to maintain a fully bearish stance given the anticipated deceleration in global oil supply growth.
On June 2, OPEC+ announced an extension of its voluntary production cuts until the end of the third quarter of this year, with a gradual unwinding planned from October 2024 through September 2025.
This decision aligns closely with Rystad Energy’s earlier predictions, further confirming the likelihood of sustained supply constraints.
Rystad Energy estimates a drastic reduction in expected oil supply growth for 2024, from nearly 900,000 bpd to approximately 80,000 bpd.
This revision is attributed to the extended and gradual unwinding of production cuts, marking 2024 as potentially the first year since 2020 with no growth in oil supply.
OPEC+ production with quotas is projected to decline by approximately 830,000 bpd for 2024, with total yearly production estimated at around 37.2 million bpd, a significant drop from pre-announcement levels of 38 million bpd.
In contrast, non-OPEC+ supply remains robust, particularly from US shale, Canadian oil sands, Brazil’s pre-salt, and Guyana’s offshore fields.
However, several countries, including Russia, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait, face substantial market share risks due to the prolonged voluntary cuts.
Saudi Arabia alone is withholding an additional 256,000 bpd in 2024, while Russia and Iraq are set to reduce their output by 176,000 bpd and 127,000 bpd, respectively.
Despite the bearish sentiment triggered by the latest OPEC+ announcement, Valdivieso notes that the group’s commitment to production cuts underscores a cautious approach amidst uncertain demand prospects.
This strategy reflects an awareness of potential demand risks in the latter half of 2024 and into 2025, indicating a careful balancing act between market stability and revenue generation.
As global oil supply growth faces significant challenges, the market’s initial negative reaction to the OPEC+ guidance may be tempered by the broader implications of sustained production constraints.


text:
Intramural sports welcomes Texas hold ‘em star
The event will take place from 7-10:30 p.m. Thursday, Nov. 4, in the On Wisconsin Room of the Red Gym. The event is free and open to the public.
Hellmuth, who attended the UW in the late 1980s, is one of the biggest celebrities in the world of professional poker. He has won the World Series of Poker nine times, collecting $3.6 million in winnings. He began playing cards at Memorial Union and ultimately left the university to launch his professional career.
In Texas Hold ‘em, each player receives two cards — known as “hole” cards — face down. The next five cards are all common cards dealt face up, meaning any player can use any of the latter to make a hand. Players bet at each stage of the deal, and have the option to go “all-in,” wagering all of their chips on a single hand.
“I have the innate ability to understand what people are doing at the poker table and away from the poker table, and I can tell if they’re lying,” Hellmuth told On Wisconsin magazine in 2003. “I think that maybe I’m the best in the world at reading people in poker.”
Students in the competitions each won a smaller “satellite” Intramural Sports tournament to qualify for a seat at the final table. No money is associated with the tournament and the only prizes are Intramural Sports T-shirts, along with books and DVDs signed by Hellmuth.
For spectators, Hellmuth will wear a microphone and there will be a table microphone to capture banter and other sounds at the table. Images of common cards will be projected onto a large screen, if technology allows. Time permitting, Hellmuth also may sign autographs.


title: Acacia oncinocarpa 10g

text:
We are a Tasmanian-approved supplier, and we ship seeds all across Australia.
Our current handling/postage time is 4-6 business days.
International buyers click here
There are over 1200 species of acacia occurring in Australia, making it the largest genus of flowering plants in Australia.
Acacia oncinocarpa is a shrub or tree that typically grows to a height of 0.5 to 5 metres and has a rounded habit, but can also exhibit a prostrate habit in exposed coastal locations.
The smooth or flaky bark can be grey to brown in colour, and it has angular branchlets with a reddish-brown hue
Flowers bloom from March to August, producing cylindrical spikes of flowers in clusters of up to five in the axils. These flower spikes measure 2.5 to 8 centimetres in length and range in colour from pale yellow to cream
As with all Acacia, they do not have true leaves; they have modified leaves known as phyllodes.
The phyllodes have a length of 6 to 15 centimetres and a width of 5 to 24 millimetres.
.Grows in coastal sand dunes or cliff areas, where it is found in loamy, sandy, or often gravelly soils, on or around sandstone, granite, or laterite, as part of Eucalyptus or Melaleuca woodland or shrubland communities.
Occurs naturally in a small area in the Kimberley region of Western Australia and across tropical areas of the top end of the Northern Territory, where it is quite common throughout Arnhem Land.
Acacia is easy to propagate from seed.
The best time to sow Acacia seed is Late winter and spring. Seed sown in autumn will need to be kept warm until spring.
Avoid the coldest and hottest months of the year.
Germination: Typically occurs within two weeks.
* Please note:


title: Moreg754

text:
This image comes from the online Museum of the Art Renewal Center (ARC), http://www.artrenewal.org, the Internet's largest online art collection, showing beautiful representational artwork from all of art history and featuring the great, forgotten works of the 19th century.
These top-quality Fine Art Prints are printed on Archival Fine Art Canvas which is perfect for framing, or Archival Fine Art Paper: fine art velvet or ulrasmooth, depending on paper size. All orders are custom printed and shipped flat in boxes for domestic orders. International orders are shipped on rolls due to Customs' size restrictions.
The ARC Store is known for the quality of our prints. In order to create our archive of artworks we have sought out images from many scholarly sources, some of which are not suitable for reproduction at every size. We will search our print files when you place your order and do our best to supply you with the print size that you have requested. Many of our images have never been tested and are not available anywhere else. Our utmost goal remains to make these images available to the public and we do not evaluate selections for the ARC Museum based on their commercial print value. Unsatisfactory prints if returned can be replaced one time only with a different image in the same size at no cost.
The Art Renewal Center reproduces prints as accurately as possible based on the original paintings. We do not distort the image in any way to make it fit standard print sizes. The images are enlarged or reduced proportionally to fit as close to the standard size as possible. This means that we do not crop the image of the painting and each print will have every detail of the original painting. This also means that most prints will have a white border which can be covered with matte board prior to framing.
Please choose a size and price option from the drop-down list, then press Order.


title: Steps for a Lutheran Congregation

text:
Steps for a Lutheran Congregation
to Enter into The AALC
The process for a Lutheran congregation to enter The AALC is rather simple. According to our Constitution and By-laws congregations desiring membership into The AALC “shall make application to the Association Council by way of the Presiding Pastor.”
The National Office will send an Application Packet to the congregation on their request.
It is recommended that the congregation leadership request an application for membership into The AALC, fill in the required application, and then return it to The AALC National Office immediately after the congregation votes to join The AALC
Upon application to The AALC and then approved by the Association Council, the congregation will have provisional status until the next TAALC General Convention, when the Convention would then ratify the Association Council’s earlier decision. Such “provisional status” however grants full “temporary participation in this Association including representation at the next General Convention.” (Important to note: the exception being that at that Convention, congregation’s pastor and delegates would not be allowed to participate in the ratification process for full membership, as that would be considered a conflict of interest.)
It is also important to recognize that in such cases when the same congregation wants to retain their current Pastor, the Pastor “must be approved for the Clergy Roster before the application can be considered”
However, according to Article 7 of The AALC Policy and Procedure Manual, that although it is recommended that the congregation NOT make application into The AALC until after their Pastor “has been approved for the clergy roster,” there can be the occasional exception. If circumstances require it, the Executive Committee has the authority to make an exception in this process by allowing congregational application to move forward without their Pastor first being approved for roster.
Requirements for a Lutheran congregation’s membership into The AALC
According to our Constitution and By-laws, all congregations applying for membership into The AALC must adhere to the following:
Subscribe to our Confession of Faith (Article III) and our Statement of Purpose (Article V) of our Constitution.
Accept our Constitution and its By-laws in toto.
Participate in the programs of activity by our General Convention and determined individually by the local congregation.
In addition, it is suggested that the if the pastor is not on the roster of pastors of The AALC, then he should begin the work of colloquy onto our Clergy Roster by requesting and filling out the Clergy Application Packet and answering the AALC Colloquy questions. Once returned and reviewed by our Presiding Pastor, the pastor will most likely be asked to interview with our Clergy Commission. Assuming the Clergy Commission recommends that the pastor be accepted to the Clergy roster, it is presented to our Association Council for their approval. When the Association Council approves the Clergy Commission’s recommendation, the pastor will be included on the Clergy Roster of The AALC.
According to The AALC Constitution and By-laws, when a congregation becomes a member of The AALC, their pastor (upon agreement with Articles III and V of the Constitution of The AALC) can be considered an Affiliated Pastor of The AALC until such time as he can complete the colloquy process.


title: Have you finally seen the light?…

text:
Have you finally seen the light?…
….and, like me, decided to hang up your hat on your current heavy, gas guzzling, cumbersome weed eater and switch to one of the highly efficient cordless electric string trimmers that are available now.
Excellent decision – good for you!
Nowadays, advances in battery technology, pushed by the increasing popularity of electric cars, have resulted in lower priced and better cordless devices of all types and that includes a cordless string trimmer.
These days, even Nickel Cadmium batteries are a bit passé!
A battery powered weed eater, such as the Milwaukee 2725 21HD has excellent cutting power, is easy and quick to use and requires little maintenance — as you’ll find in more detail in our individual reviews below.
Battery powered weed eaters, in particular, have come a long way since their inception, and are fast becoming the best way to manage a lot more of your garden than just the bits of lawn your mower can’t reach.
Plus! Cordless string trimmers produce zero-emissions.
So, with a cordless string trimmer, not only will you be contributing to a greener environment, but you’ll also have less excuse not to keep up with your garden maintenance. (There’s a catch to everything! Right?)
As battery models have become cheaper and easier to use, so the market has increased and, in turn, the options of cordless string trimmer available have increased too.
Does the thought of trawling your way through numerous reviews and pages of advice about cordless trimmers put you off researching properly?
Well, help is at hand for our fellow ‘weed wacker demons’…because the Bovees Research Team have done all the dross work for you to decide which is the best battery powered weed eater for you!
In a hurry?
Then Here’s Our Bovees Top 3 Recommendations For The Best Battery Powered String Trimmers, at a Glance;
Bovees Best Buys In More Detail………
The Best Battery Powered String Trimmer For Your Yard
In fact all seven of the options in our weed eater reviews below are fantastic pieces of kit when it comes to cordless string trimmers.
Choose any one of them, and we are sure you will be pleased with your cordless string trimmer purchase.
Plus, for those with a bit more time on their hands to surf the internet themselves, we’ve also put together our Bovees’ Buyers Guide to The Best Battery Powered String Trimmer to help you make an informed decision.
We are confident that by the end of this article on cordless weed eaters, you will have all the knowledge you need to choose the best cordless weed eater for your own personal weed whacking needs.
So let’s get going…..
1. Milwaukee 2725-21HD 18V M18 Cordless Electric String Trimmer
–Bovees Best Professional Cordless Weed Eater
From the veritable tool juggernaut, Milwaukee, comes this beast of a weed eater!!
Milwaukee are renowned for manufacturing top quality power tools and the 2725-21HD cordless string trimmer is no exception, leading the way in cordless trimmers it is right up there when it comes to the best battery powered weed eater.
Fitted with a Milwaukee® POWERSTATE™ motor means that this cordless string trimmer comes with all the advantages of a brushless motor to save you time and money with no compromise on power — full throttle is achieved within 1 second of pulling the trigger!
Brushless motors have many benefits over brushed motors including; more torque, more efficiency, longer lasting, less harmful emissions and less maintenance.
Having a high efficiency brushless motor also means that it is one of the quietest weed eaters on the market.
Having the motor mounted at the rear with a solid drive shaft design and gear box means this cordless string trimmer provides;
- superb cutting power
- excellent balance
- unquestionable durability
Then there’s the state-of-the-art battery system, the Milwaukee® REDLITHIUM™, which claims (and we have found no evidence to dispute this!) to have the longest run-time, the highest power output and longest battery life of any of the battery packs of cordless string trimmers on the market, a major consideration when deciding on the best cordless weed trimmer for you.
This advanced battery system combined with REDLINK PLUS™ Electronic Intelligence, provides unparalleled communication between the battery and the tool itself, which allows for the maximum possible levels of productivity, protection and performance compared to other battery powered models.
Those with other Milwaukee cordless tools, will also benefit from the fact that the battery for this cordless string trimmer is interchangeable between others with the M18 system.
With two speed settings on the variable trigger system, spinning the trimmer line at 4600 and 5800 rpm respectively, you also have control over the cutting power of your battery powered weed whacker.
This allows a great level of control over the trimmer head and what you are doing, and enables you to switch to high power for patches of tough weeds that you might otherwise need a brush cutter for, but resort to lower power (to save battery life) when trimming lightweight material e.g. grass.
The over mold grip handle on this cordless string trimmer is one of its best selling points.
It is probably the comfiest handle of all the string trimmers on our list. The extra support handle on the straight shaft offers better control and is also comfortable and soft while helping to absorb a lot of the vibration too.
It’s worth mentioning here that straight shaft trimmers are particularly good for using in tight spaces, compared to curved shaft trimmers.
The 16-inch cutting swathe is another notable feature, in fact, your weed eating productivity is increased by 30% over the other budget models of cordless string trimmer featured here, thereby cutting down on your work time.
The thickness of line used i.e. the line diameter, matches the power of the motor on this cordless electric string trimmer, so you will have less breakage of trimmer line and thereby save time and money replacing spools of trimmer line while still being able to tackle the toughest weeds.
Having said that, the full sized head stores more line than other models of cordless electric string trimmer, plus, changing your line with this tool is actually a nice easy, straightforward process.
Simply remove the spool and wind the string line around.
The head of this cordless electric string trimmer also has a reinforced metal bump knob to ensure a maximum working life of your battery powered weed whacker.
All in all if your budget allows then the Milwaukee 2725-21HD 18V M18 String Trimmer will not disappoint as the perfect complement to your lawnmower, and much more! Other string trimmers seriously struggle to compete with this battery operated weed eater…..
- Milwaukee’s renowned high level of quality & service
- Rear Brushless Motor — multiple benefits
- Excellent battery system — save money on replacement batteries
- Variable speed motor — for power when you need it or extra battery life when you don’t
- Very quiet
- Excellent on-demand line feeding system.
- Over mold comfy handle grip — good for periods of extended use or those with arthritis
- Straight shaft – straight shaft trimmers are better for using in tight spaces
- 16” cutting swathe
- Suitable for both .08 AND .095 line thickness — thicker line = less breakage = time saving & money saving
- Battery & battery charger included
- 5-year warranty — peace of mind
- Expensive — But you get what you pay for!!
- Does not convert to a lawn edger.
2. Greenworks 2101602 40V String Trimmer
–Bovees Best Budget Cordless Weed Eater
Greenworks are another big player in the gardening tool industry. Their range of tools are loved by a lot of the gardening community, and it’s easy to see why.
This 12-inch cutting weed eater is no different, running off Greenworks’ powerful 40v batteries, you should easily be able to get 40 minutes of usage out of the BST4000 cordless electric string trimmer.
Another great thing about the batteries for this cordless string trimmer is their potential for quick charging, one of the 40V batteries used to power this trimmer can be charged from 0-100 in just 30 minutes.
Weighing in at only just over 9 lbs means this battery string trimmer is nice and light and, in combination with the auxiliary handle, makes it an easy cordless trimmer to handle.
The adjustable flower guard on this cordless trimmer means that you can be sure not to obliterate your carefully nurtured flower beds while wielding your weed whacker.
Having a variable speed option, like the Milwaukee cordless trimmer, means that you can save battery charge when it isn’t required, by using less power when tackling grass and lightweight weeds with your battery powered string trimmer.
Every tool in Greenwork’s cordless range uses the same system of batteries.
As they also sell the tools on their own, click here for the tool only option, this can make purchasing Greenworks tools a lot cheaper than some of the competition.
As always, nothing is perfect, and this unit does have some small flaws.
The power of this trimmer means that even with Greenworks awesome batteries, you will run the battery down quite quickly compared to other battery powered weed trimmers.
However, if you have other small jobs to do while you wait for the battery to recharge, maybe a spell on the lawn mower, or if you have a second battery, then this is not an issue. It is still way more convenient than gas string trimmers.
Some reviews also report issues with the batteries degrading.
Also, it has a smaller cutting width than any of the other cordless models that we recommend in this article.
However, as a budget option it would certainly enhance your set of lawn care tools.
- Light and comfortable to use
- Edge Guide — protects your flowers from accidental damage
- Variable Speed Control — saves on the life of the battery
- Auxiliary handle — gives better control
- Rapid charge batteries — allows you to do bigger areas with only a short break
- Tool also available without battery & battery charger — saves money for those with other Greenworks tools
- Two-year warranty on tool, three-year warranty on battery — peace of mind
- Claims of battery degeneration problems
- Only 12 inch (30.48 cm) cutting width — takes longer to complete a job than with a 16-inch
- Only .065 trimmer line diameter — restricts the thickness of vegetation you can use it on
3. DeWalt DCST920P1 String Trimmer
–Bovees Best Domestic Cordless Weed Eater
Another eater in the high power bracket, DeWalt, produces some of the best tools on the planet.
They are a staple for both DIY use and commercial/trade use alike. Most commendably, they were the first ones to bring brushless motors into the mix.
This high-powered weed eater is designed to take on its gas powered brothers, and we have to say, it seems like it has done pretty well doing so.
The innovation and tricks that the DeWalt uses, bridge the gap excellently between the DCST920P1 and a gas powered alternative.
DeWalt batteries are second to none, their batteries charge rapidly, hold a great charge, and don’t degrade over time.
A fully charged DeWalt battery is going to give you the longest run time of any battery too.
At only 7.4 lbs, one of the main advantages to this unit is its low weight, coupled with a decent power output, which means you get a unit which is easy to maneuver while still being devastatingly effective. It definitely holds its own against gas powered string trimmers.
It creates hardly any noise, and you do not need to leave it idling like a gas-powered model.
It is also a very easy cordless weed trimmer to start, not needing a cumbersome pull cable as gas powered models do.
The ergonomics on this model are simply great too, the grip feels comfortable, and the weight is shifted just perfectly through the tool.
Another massive plus to this unit is the low power setting, unlike lots of its competitors, the low power setting on the DeWalt is still extremely effective. This means you can save on the life of the battery, without the tool losing its cutting ability.
Light weeds and grass will never require you to move out of the low setting, so the battery loses less power.
On the low setting, you can often get up to 1 hour of use out of one fully charged battery, which places this unit at the top when it comes to the life of the battery.
If you already have DeWalt batteries, you will be able to buy just the bare unit at a great price too.
When it comes to tougher, harder to deal with tasks, you can up the power just by squeezing harder. This kicks the reliable motor into high power mode and will allow you to destroy anything in front of you, tackling jobs that you might otherwise need a brush cutter or a hedge trimmer for.
This model takes a 0.08 diameter line. Because of this line diameter, even upping the power does not risk line breakage. Moreover, the line is fed by a simple to use bump feed system.
Paired with the larger than average 13″ cutting area, jobs just get done faster with the DeWalt and it definitely fares well against gas weed eaters.
The downsides to this unit are tiny compared to the positives, but, according to reviews, it still seems to have a few.
The guard on the cutting head is not the most well designed and does not do the best job at preventing small stones from pinging off while cutting.
There are also some complaints that their batteries range in quality and how much power they provide.
Some users swear by the DeWalt battery system. Some people advise you to buy a brand-new battery as some that are supplied in the kits may be of lower quality.
However, overall, this is an excellent cordless tool and certainly a battery-powered weed eater that holds its own easily against gas powered models, even in a commercial setting and could even be considered overkill for DIY garden use. The perfect partner to your lawn mower.
- Almost half the weight of the Milwaukee
- 0.08 Line thickness — less time-consuming breakage than with the Greenworks.065
- Bump feed system
- 13″ cutting swathe — as opposed to the Greenworks 12″
- Variable Speed trigger — allows you to switch between extra power and battery saving
- Auxiliary handle — gives better control
- Rapid charge batteries — allows you to do bigger areas with only a short break
- Tool also available without battery & battery charger — saves money for those with other DeWalt tools
- Three year warranty — peace of mind
- No flower guard
- Only 13″ cutting path — takes longer to complete a job than with the Milwaukee 16″
4. WORX WG163 GT 3.0 20V PowerShare 12″ Battery Powered String Trimmer & Edger
A tool that performs way better than its price tag would suggest makes the Works WG163 GT a great buy.
As well as a great price tag, though, this is a machine packed with features and quality.
It is a dual trimmer/edger, which means you get two tools in one machine.
It has an extendable telescopic handle which is adjustable to suit your height specifications, a 12″ cutting width and an auto feed spool.
This battery weed eater utilizes Worx 20v batteries. These batteries perform surprisingly well across the board, they stand up in the face of the bigger brands like DeWalt and hold their head high.
Many people like to stick to one brand, as with DeWalt and Greenworks, Worx also reward you for doing so by allowing you to use their batteries across a range of their tools.
The build quality in this tool is also extremely good, the adjustable handle and plastic grip feel good in the hand, and it isn’t overly heavy.
It comes in the standard black and orange color scheme and looks as good as it performs.
With its innovative push-button command feed system you save money by controlling how much line is fed out, plus, changing the spools is extremely easy.
The rubberized internal wheels support the edger, which gives you smoother cleaner lines.
The spacer guard is adjustable to give you that little bit more precision when working close to the plants & flowers in your garden.
The head also tilts to 90 degrees for those tough to reach places.
There are a few downsides to this unit, however.
The wire spools on it are relatively small, and this means that you will be wearing down your lines pretty quickly.
This means over the long term, you may spend a little more time maintaining this unit, having said that, it still won’t be as long as one would have to spend on a gas string trimmer.
This is offset by the cheap cost of the unit to begin with, however.
Just something to consider.
- All round very good value for money
- Rubberized wheels — accuracy and ease of use
- 2 in 1 trimmer / edger — saves buying a separate tool for edging
- Adjustable telescopic handle — helps you avoid back and shoulder pain
- Works with any Worx20v batteries you already own
- Adjustable flower guard — protects the precious blooms in your garden
- Head adjusts to 90 degrees
- Takes a trimmer line diameter of 0.065mm
- Automatic feed system
- The line spools run out quickly due to their small size
5. Black+Decker LSTE523 Li 12″ Cordless Electric String Trimmer and Edger
Black and Decker has a reputation for quality when it comes to the tools they produce.
The LSTE532 is no different. Perhaps the most aesthetic tool on our list, the bold look of the LSTE523, gives it a professional feel.
Luckily that professional look isn’t just for show, and this really is a professional offering.
Built with a high-quality battery system, this tool is made to run all day.
The 3Ah system gives you a really long run time.
The power delivery is good, and although you won’t be able to fell trees with this bad boy, there isn’t much else that will be a problem.
The thing that really makes this unit stand out from the rest is the ridiculous amounts of features it is packed with.
With their EasyFeed system, all you need to do is push a button near to the trigger to make more spool extend.
Compared to a lot of “auto feed” systems, the EasyFeed system, just works, and works well.
There is also a Powerboost and Powercut setting on the unit which is guaranteed to deliver consistent power.
This allows you to turbocharge the cutting potential of your eater to tackle particularly stubborn areas.
If you are dealing with areas that you have left for too long, ones that are more jungle, than garden, the PowerBoost option will give you the muscle to deal with it.
As well as those amazing features, the LSTE523 comes with a lot of the great features that its competitors have.
You can adjust the shaft trimmers telescopic handle to match your height and reach, you can set the guard to protect the flower borders in your garden, it converts from trimmer to edger instantly and it has a 12″ cutting swath.
The unit does have a couple of downsides, however.
One being that the EasyFeeder feed spool, can cause you to get through spools quickly. Users are reporting that although the EasyFeeder is a great innovation, you just have to be careful, or you will be spending lots on new spools.
The second gripe is that when you are not using the PowerCommand buttons, the unit can feel a little under powered.
Whether that is because users are comparing the cutting ability to when the PowerCommand option is on or to other units, is unknown.
- Feature-rich unit
- EasyFeed system works really well compared to bump feed systems
- PowerCommand buttons provide you with a quick boost of power for hard to deal with areas.
- 2 Speed controls allow you some flexibility
- Works with all B+D 20v batteries – so you can use the same battery for other tools.
- Telescopic shaft
- 2 in 1 Edger/Trimmer
- EasyFeed system uses a lot of spools
- Can feel under-powered when not in PowerCommand mode
- Only 12 inch (30.48 cm) cutting width
6. Craftsman V20 Cordless String Trimmer / Edger (CMCST910M1)
Craftsman’s contribution to the battery-powered weed eater market is the v20 string trimmer. This is a dual line model, which makes light work of grass and weeds.
The speed provided by the v20 battery pack is pretty impressive.
So too is the motor which powers the spinner at a blistering 9000 rotations every minute.
This is one of the highest speeds reached by any battery-powered weed eater we have reviewed so far, making it a definite contender for best cordless trimmer.
The 13-inch cutting area isn’t as impressive as the Milwaukee or even the DeWalt, but it is still large enough to make dealing with even medium to large areas a breeze.
The fact that the unit only weighs 5.5 pounds (2.49 kg) adds to that ease.
You aren’t going to get as tired using the Craftsman as you would say with the Milwaukee.
The variable speed trigger is similar to the Dewalt, although it does not have the same responsive feedback, it still works really well. Paired with the high-speed motor, this is definitely not a tool to be underestimated.
The telescopic handle rotates 180 degrees and extends, and this allows you to set the tool however you want.
The two handles are well-designed and placed ergonomically.
All in all, the Craftsman is perhaps the most ergonomic tool on this list, so if you are looking for a tool that puts ease of use first, this may be your best bet.
The head of the unit has three different levels of tilt, making angled work a breeze.
The edge guard on this unit is also one of the better ones on the list, and you can cut in confidence, knowing very little is likely to ping off.
Craftsman has always made very durable tools, and they stand by this by offering a three-year warranty.
The downside to this cordless weed trimmer is the bump feeder for the spools.
Craftsman has tried to create an alternative to the auto feeders seen on most models on the market.
Unfortunately, it seems that the bump feeder does not quite hit the mark.
It works, but reviews would indicate that it isn’t an improvement over traditional auto feeders.
All in all, Craftsman has created a tool that excels in some areas but not in others.
Certainly, if you want a high-powered unit that weighs surprisingly little, this could be the best tool for you and would combine well with a mini lawnmower for a smaller sized garden.
- High speed
- Brushless Motor
- Great adjustability
- 13″ cutting width
- 3-Year warranty
- The efficacy of the bump feed spool is questionable
7. EGO Power+ 15″ 56-Volt Lithium-ion Cordless Electric String Trimmer with 2.5Ah Battery & Charger
Like lots of their other tools, the EGO Power is pretty impressive.
Sporting the usual neon green-gray and plastic trim with a carbon fiber shaft, it just looks fantastic.
Aside from the awesome looks, the EGO Power is just as impressive when it comes to performance too, plus it comes at a great price, which is lowered to an even better price if you already own some EGO batteries.
It comes with a variable pressure trigger similar to the DeWalt, which gives the EGO Power similar control and feedback to a gas-powered model.
The motor stops when you let go of the trigger, too, which is a nice feature for those who are used to idling gas-powered shaft trimmer monsters.
The Powerload feeder, is one of the best on the market. Loading up your string into this feed spool system is amazingly simple.
All you do is feed one end into the trimmer head and hold it with some tension, then press the Powerload button, which will cause it to wind back into the head.
They knew what they were doing here, and they have managed to turn the worst part about using a trimmer, into something that is no longer a chore.
In terms of ergonomics, you can tell a lot of time has gone into the design and placement of the motor. The whole unit feels extremely well-balanced, and it isn’t too heavy or light at either end.
The power is great, too, as with all brushless motors, providing power that is constant and efficient, whether tackling tall grass or thick grass and on full power it will tackle thick brush as well.
Unfortunately, this is another of the battery powered trimmers featured here, where the stock guard needs to be improved.
You may get some fly off when using the EGO, which is a shame for a unit that scores so highly everywhere else.
- Awesome feed spool system
- 15 inch (38.1 cm) cutting swath
- Great ergonomics
- Best aesthetic design on our list
- Works with all EGO batteries
- Guard on the cutting head needs improving
- Batteries are expensive
Bovees Buyers Guide — Battery Powered Weed Eaters
Hopefully, we have helped you make your decision with our above reviews.
If you are still undecided, these are the factors we look at when reviewing the tools.
You can use these to help you make an informed decision on the best value cordless weed trimmer for you.
One of the main reasons people swap from gas trimmer to battery powered trimmers, and immensely important, is the product’s weight. Not only are gas powered engines heavier than an electric motor but gas powered tools also have to incorporate a fuel tank and fuel which only add to the weight
One of the main selling points for battery-powered vs gas powered is that they are almost always lighter than their gas-powered brothers. All but one of the units on our list, for example, weigh under 10lbs compared to gas models which can weigh up to 20 lbs!
Weight is important, whether it’s a 10-minute job or a ten-day job, the less the unit weighs, the less tired you are going to get wielding the tool. For sure 20kg gas trimmers are going to tire you a lot quicker than a 5.3lbs (Black & Decker model) battery powered trimmer.
Not all battery-powered options are created equal, however, and many of the other offerings on the market are heavier than the ones we have suggested, if it’s a lightweight weed wacker you are specifically looking for, check out our article at that link.
The heavier models on the market will usually be using an older battery system. If this is the case, stay clear.
Not only do old nickel batteries, weigh more, but they also hold less charge and deteriorate much quicker than modern lithium-ion ones.
One of the biggest reasons people are hesitant to adapt to battery-powered tools, as opposed to gas models or corded models (with the added nuisance of an extension cord!), is the outdated misconception that battery-powered devices aren’t as powerful.
For a long time, this was the case, but nowadays, thanks to the advancement in lithium-ion batteries and brushless motors, that gap is closing rapidly and there are less reasons to buy a gas weed eater.
If you are looking to buy a tool for anything less than the most strenuous of commercial use, we can now highly recommend going with battery power as opposed to gas powered string trimmers.
When it comes to battery power, a unit is normally measured in volts.
The most common are 20v battery voltage and 40v battery voltage.
40 volt models are the more powerful of the two, but they often come with a faster drain on battery.
If you are willing to buy a couple of spare batteries, you should probably go for a 40v model.
If you only need your weed eater occasionally or for a small job, stick to the 20v models. They are usually more than enough to get the job done.
Battery Life, Battery Size and Battery Capacity
We recommend everybody looking for cordless string trimmers, to only buy battery-operated devices that have swapped from Nickel Cadmium to the new system of rechargeable batteries i.e. lithium ion batteries.
Bear in mind, however, that not all Li-ion batteries are created equal.
The brands on our list: DeWalt, Black, and Decker, Ego are all known for being industry leaders in the innovation of lithium ion battery technology.
Their batteries are all great.
Lots of less reputable companies, however, use low-quality lithium-ion batteries, these degrade quickly and lose charge surprisingly quickly plus they are not so great if you are looking for more power.
When it comes to Li-ion battery life, you need to work out what lithium ion battery is going to be best for you and which cordless string trimmers come with that type of battery.
If you need a high-powered tool and a long-lasting battery, chances are you are going to have to buy multiple batteries so that you have at least one spare battery to re-load the battery pack.
DeWalt and Milwaukee have the best long-lasting battery design with a higher battery capacity, but they come at a higher price tag than their competitors.
Deciding the best cost x performance is going to be key in deciding what tool you choose.
If you do not need a Li-ion battery with a long life but need a tool with more power, then you can buy a kit that includes one battery and a tool with a 40v battery voltage or higher rating which will give you more power.
If you don’t need the most powerful tool or longest lasting battery, go for the more budget-friendly options on our list and follow the tips to extend battery life.
They still all perform amazingly in most tasks, the life of the battery may just be less impressive than the higher cost models. And after all, if you don’t actually need more power then why pay for more power?
Of course, another important factor will be whether you already own Li-ion batteries for any of the brands.
If you already have 3 EGO Power+ batteries, it makes sense to buy the EGO, etc.
Another thing to bear in mind is charge time. Some of the more innovative battery systems boast a 0-100% charge in under 30 minutes.
With the average rundown time being 45-60 minutes, this means you only need two batteries to keep constantly working without any down-time for battery charging.
Most people do not particularly consider the quality of the guard design when it comes to choosing a battery operated weed eater.
However, when you have a tool spinning at over 5000 revolutions per minute, you do not want to be hit by a rogue pebble traveling at high speed!
As well as your own safety, if you are working with a weed wacker near your priceless mustang or a house with many windows, making sure the guard of your battery operated weed wacker is effective, is extremely important.
On the other hand, with a bigger, more protective guard, you also add weight to the unit.
This means that if you are focused on getting a weed eater that is as light as possible, you may have to trade off on the level of guard protection (maybe invest in some shin guards!).
If you don’t mind a bit of extra weight, you should probably opt for a unit with a better guard.
Another thing to bear in mind is that usually, with units that are 2 in 1 trimmers and edgers, the guards will usually be less effective in edge mode.
Line Feed Loading Mechanism
If you have been using weed eaters for a long time, you will know that the worst thing about them is usually trying to feed more string into their mechanism.
With gas-powered weed eaters, the line feed issue has always been a horrible, awkward task.
Luckily most battery-powered devices come with better innovations across the board and this applies to the feed loading mechanism of battery operated weed eaters too.
Automatic feeds are the new thing, replacing the old manual style in most of the new models of weed eater.
An automatic feed spool is a great feature which will allow you to spend a lot less time fiddling with the line and more time actually using the weed eater.
Some models have an automatic feed system that will extend line as it detects it is needed, which is awesome.
Others use a bump method where you bump the head onto a hard surface to force it to eject more line.
Some models still use the older system for setting line by hand, but you won’t find any models like that on our list.
So Which Battery Powered String Trimmer Is Right for Me?
As you can see, this isn’t a question that has a simple answer.
When it comes to choosing battery powered devices nowadays, you really have to figure out what you want from them.
Firstly we would advise you to figure out what you really need your battery string trimmer to do.
- How often you will need a powered weed eater?
- How long you will be using the tool for?
- Research the area you will be using it on and what other tools could overlap e.g. a hedge trimmer?
- Will your battery string trimmer need to deal with stubborn weeds, or is it just for grass?
- Think ahead — will your needs change in the medium to long term with regard to battery – operated tools?
Once you have worked out these things, you will be able to work out how much power you need your unit to have and what sort of battery type / power pack life would suit you best.
At that point you should be able to remove a lot of the potential options from our list of cordless weed eaters and in the end it will probably be down to a matter of price and what you feel you can compromise on.
If you can afford the Milwaukee 2725 -21HD then it’s a no-brainer, but if you are restricted by budget then there are plenty of other excellent cordless models of battery powered equipment to choose from.
With the innovation surrounding the lithium-ion battery and the brushless motor, battery-powered string trimmers are fighting to close the gap on performance between them and their gas-powered cousins or even corded electric string trimmers.
Choosing a battery-powered tool over gas powered trimmers or corded electric models is a great way to be a more environmentally friendly weed whacker, too, thanks to their low emissions and low noise production.
We are convinced that the string trimmer/cordless trimmer best suited to your needs is now only a click away!
Thanks for reading our reviews on the best cordless weed eaters!


title: Escalating trends in dns flood attacks

text:
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a fundamental pillar of our digital economy. Denial-of-service attacks targeting DNS can severely impact businesses and cause damage to revenue, customer trust, and business reputation.
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The Domain Name System (DNS) is a fundamental pillar of our digital economy. Denial-of-service attacks targeting DNS can severely impact businesses and cause damage to revenue, customer trust, and business reputation. Our latest analysis indicates a growing trend in the ratio of DNS Flood attacks over the last three quarters. Notably, the frequency of these attacks in the first month of Q2 2023 was four times higher than the corresponding month in Q2 2022. This escalating situation peaked in April when we observed the largest DNS Flood attack in the past two years, registering a rate of 1.29 million DNS queries per second.
Despite the increasing frequency and complexity, it is important to note that DNS Floods are application-level attacks, designed to overwhelm the server without necessarily saturating the internet connection. Our analysis confirms that in the last two years, all observed DNS Floods maintained a traffic rate considerably below 1Gbps, underlining their strategic focus on disrupting service rather than consuming bandwidth.
As such, these findings indicate the urgent need for heightened vigilance and fortification of DNS defenses to counteract this escalating threat landscape.
- There has been a significant escalation in the proportion of DNS Flood attacks in the recent three quarters.
- The frequency of DNS Flood attacks in the first month of Q2 2023 was quadruple that of the same month in Q2 2022.
- In April 2023, we recorded the most significant DNS Flood over the past two years, with a peak attack rate reaching 1.29 million DNS queries per second.
- In 2023, two-thirds of the observed DNS Floods targeted DNS type A records.
- The second most leveraged query type was the DNS AAAA record query, which contributed to 8% of the attacks, followed by the DNS MX record query, which made up 4%.
- One in every six DNS Floods in 2023 incorporated a mix of different query types within a single attack.
- DNS Floods are application-layer attacks, with the primary goal of overloading the server rather than saturating the internet connection. Over the past two years, all DNS Floods have kept their traffic rate significantly below 1Gbps.
No DNS, No Business
The digital era has catalyzed rapid growth in online commercial activities, making e-commerce and online platforms a vital component of the global economy. However, this technological advancement is not without its vulnerabilities. A crucial and ubiquitous part of this digital ecosystem is the DNS, which acts as the internet's phonebook, translating human-readable domain names into IP addresses. When a DNS service is subjected to a cyberattack, such as denial-of-service (DoS) or distributed denial-of-service (DDoS), the disruption caused can be catastrophic for businesses.
Denial-of-service attacks are malicious attempts to overwhelm a network, service, or server with excessive traffic or requests, causing them to slow down significantly or, worse, crash. The fundamental aim of these attacks is to disrupt the targeted system's regular functioning, denying legitimate users access to the services or information they seek.
DNS is a particularly popular target for these attacks because of its vital role in internet traffic routing. When a DNS server falls victim to a DoS attack, users cannot access the websites, services or APIs associated with that server because their browsers and applications can't resolve the IP addresses corresponding to those domain names. As a result, the user experience is significantly degraded or entirely disrupted, resulting in lost revenue, damaged reputation, and a decline in customer trust.
The impact of a DNS-based DoS attack can be colossal, particularly for e-commerce businesses. It's not simply a matter of lost sales during the outage period. Consider that in 2022, Amazon AWS (cloud) generated over $80 billion in revenue, an average of over $152,000 per minute. The potential loss from even a brief outage is staggering. Furthermore, these disruptions damage the business's reputation, undermine consumer confidence and lead to potential long-term loss of customers. Additionally, businesses may face legal ramifications if unable to meet Service Level Agreements (SLAs) due to such disruptions.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF DNS DENIAL-OF-SERVICE ATTACKS
DNS denial-of-service attacks can come in various forms, each with unique techniques and impacts. Here are the most common attack types:
- DNS Amplification Attack: This is a type of network-level, reflection-based, volumetric DDoS attack where the attacker crafts a DNS query packet with a forged source IP address (the victim's). It sends it to a legitimate, open, DNS resolver, which subsequently replies to the victim with a large amount of data. The goal is to overwhelm the victim's network with traffic.
- Phantom Domain Attack: This attack involves the attacker setting up one or more phantom domains that do not respond to DNS queries and sending requests to the victim's DNS server to resolve the phantom domains. The victim's DNS server gets overwhelmed when it tries to resolve the phantom domains through non-responsive servers. This causes the recursive server to spend valuable resources waiting for responses that will never come.
- DNS Flood Attack: A DNS Flood is a type of application-layer DDoS attack that seeks to overload a DNS server with a high volume of requests until it becomes unresponsive. The requests appear legitimate, making it difficult to filter out malicious traffic.
- DNS NXDOMAIN Attack: In this type of DNS Flood attack the attacker sends a high volume of requests for non-existent or invalid domains, resulting in DNS recursion and NXDOMAIN (nonexistent domain) responses. The server must work hard to try and resolve these spurious requests, thus consuming valuable resources instead of processing legitimate requests. When a DNS server is under NXDOMAIN attack, the cache of the DNS server will be flooded with NXDOMAIN results, forcing the server to resolve legitimate requests repeatedly instead of fetching the answer from its cache.
- Pseudo Random Subdomain (PRSD) Attack: Also known as water torture attacks, this attack is similar to the DNS NXDOMAIN attack. The attacker sends a massive number of requests for non-existent subdomains of a valid and existing domain through different recursive resolvers. This causes the authoritative server to consume resources trying to resolve these nonexistent subdomains, eventually leading to a denial of service.
In each case, the attacker's objective is to disrupt the DNS service and make the websites and online services that rely on it inaccessible. These attacks exploit different aspects of the DNS protocol, making them challenging to defend against and highlighting the importance of implementing robust DNS security measures.
DNS Flood Trends
A quantitative analysis of the most common types of DNS Floods detected and mitigated by our Cloud DDoS Protection Service points to an increasing trend in the occurrence and intensity of such DDoS attacks.
DDoS attacks consist of one or more attack vectors. By determining the proportion of attacks utilizing a DNS Flood attack vector in relation to the overall count of attacks, we can gauge the progression of DNS Floods over time, irrespective of the total activity or the number of customers protected by our services.
Figure 1: DNS Flood Attack Ratio Evolution over Time
Throughout 2021 and the first half of 2022, fewer than 32 out of every 1,000 attacks incorporated a DNS Flood vector. However, from Q3 of 2022, we noted a marked increase in the proportion of attacks featuring a DNS Flood vector. The ratio experienced a twofold surge from Q3 to Q4 of last year, rising to 84 attacks per 1,000 in April of 2023 with each involving a DNS Flood component. This dramatic increase first emerged in Q4 of last year, and by the initial month of Q2 2023, it had quadrupled compared to the same period in 2022.
The area chart depicted in Figure 2 traces the development of the count of DNS Flood attacks according to each query type. A description of the key DNS record types can be found in Table 1 at the end of this document. The total number of DNS Floods mitigated each month corroborates the escalating trend discerned in the previous DNS Flood attack ratio. From September 2022 onwards, the monthly volume of DNS Floods has consistently surpassed the figures recorded in the preceding months.
Figure 2: Number of DNS Floods per Month
FLOODS HITTING HARDER
DNS Floods are application-layer assaults with the objective of compromising the server's capability to manage valid DNS requests. The pace of these requests determines the total effect on the server. The blue trajectory in Figure 3's chart illustrates the highest DNS query rate detected each quarter, denoted in queries per second (QPS). Aside from a notable DNS Flood attack in Q1 of 2021, which peaked at 1.59 million QPS, the DNS Floods since Q4 of last year have been significantly larger in scale compared to prior quarters. The largest DNS Flood in the past two years was observed in April 2023, registering an attack rate of 1.29 million DNS queries per second.
The red trajectory in Figure 3's chart demonstrates the peak traffic of the most significant DNS Flood each quarter. The traffic rate shows a consistent pattern aligning with the maximum query rate. It is important to understand that application-level attacks focus on overloading the server, which does not necessarily equate to a traffic volume high enough to saturate the server's internet connection. The red line effectively emphasizes this point, considering that the most substantial DNS Flood recorded a traffic volume of less than 1.3Gbps, and all DNS Floods monitored over the past two years remained notably under the 1Gbps threshold.
Figure 3: Queries per Second and Bandwidth Consumption by DNS Floods
DNS FLOOD TYPES
The most prevalent DNS query leveraged in DNS Floods in 2023 was the regular hostname to IPv4 query, accounting for almost 65% of the attacks. The second most used query was the hostname to IPv6 query, deployed in close to 8% of all DNS Floods in 2023. Over 15% of the DNS Floods consisted of a mixture of various types of queries, termed as DNS-ALL Flood in the chart in Figure 4. MX queries took the third spot in terms of their usage in DNS Floods.
Figure 4: DNS Flood Type Distribution in 2023
The address mapping record, also known as a DNS host record, stores a hostname and its corresponding IPv4 address.
The IP Version 6 address record stores a hostname and its corresponding IPv6 address.
The canonical name record is used to alias a hostname to another hostname. When a DNS client requests a record that contains a CNAME, which points to another hostname, the DNS resolution process is repeated with the new hostname.
The mail exchanger record specifies an SMTP email server for the domain.
The name server record specifies that a DNS Zone, such as “example.com,” is delegated to a specific authoritative name server and provides the address of that name server.
The reverse-lookup pointer record provides the IP address of a hostname (reverse DNS lookup).
The service location record is like the MX record, but for other services.
The text record can contain arbitrary information and typically carries machine-readable data such as opportunistic encryption, sender policy framework (SPF), DKIM, DMARC, etc.
The Start of Authority record appears at the beginning of a DNS zone file and indicates the authoritative name server for the current DNS zone, contact details of the domain administrator, domain file version number, and information on how frequently DNS information for this zone should be refreshed.
The Naming Authority Pointer records map domain names to URIs (uniform resource identifiers) and other resources. NAPTR records are commonly used for applications in internet telephony.
EFFECTIVE DDOS PROTECTION ESSENTIALS
Hybrid DDoS Protection – Use on-premise and cloud DDoS protection for real-time DDoS attack prevention that also addresses high-volume attacks and protects from pipe saturation
Behavioral-Based Detection - Quickly and accurately identify and block anomalies while allowing legitimate traffic through
A Cyber-Security Emergency Response Plan - A dedicated emergency team of experts who have experience with Internet of Things security and handling IoT outbreaks
Real-Time Signature Creation - Promptly protect against unknown threats and zero-day attacks
Intelligence on Active Threat Actors – High fidelity, correlated and analyzed data for preemptive protection against currently active known attackers
For further network and application protection measures, Radware urges companies to inspect and patch their network to defend against risks and threats.
EFFECTIVE WEB APPLICATION SECURITY ESSENTIALS
Full OWASP Top-10 coverage against defacements, injections, etc.
Auto-policy generation capabilities for the widest coverage with the lowest operational effort
Bot protection and device fingerprinting capabilities to overcome dynamic IP attacks and achieve improved bot detection and blocking
Flexible deployment options - on-premises, out-of-path, virtual or cloud-based
Low false positive rate using negative and positive security models for maximum accuracy
Securing APIs by filtering paths, understanding XML and JSON schemas for enforcement, and using activity tracking mechanisms to trace bots and guard internal resources
LEARN MORE AT RADWARE’S SECURITY RESEARCH CENTER
To know more about today’s attack vector landscape, understand the business impact of cyberattacks, or learn more about emerging attack types and tools, visit Radware’s Security Research Center. Additionally, visit Radware’s Quarterly DDoS & Application Threat Analysis Center for quarter-over-quarter analysis of DDoS and application attack activity based on data from Radware’s cloud security services and threat intelligence.


title: Addiction therapy

text:
After early and promising studies, scientists are becoming increasingly interested in the use of CBD in addiction therapy. It is thought that CBD may help to reduce cravings both during addiction and while in recovery, potentially reducing the risk of relapse. While this research is in its infancy, it is interesting to look into these studies to find out more.
NB – The following text is intended for informational purposes only. If you have any concerns regarding addiction, please consult a GP or health professional.
What is Addiction Therapy?
Addiction therapy is used to help people who have become reliant on, or addicted to, a substance, commonly alcohol or drugs. Addiction is complicated as there are many contributing factors, including mental and physical reliance. There are also underlying problems that may have caused the user to become addicted in the first place, such as mental health issues.
Addiction therapy is a standard method used to help addicts recover and avoid relapse. There are many different methods used under this umbrella which vary depending on the addiction and the individual patient. Often treatment consists of a combination of medication, traditional therapy and, in more recent years, holistic therapy.
Using CBD in Addiction Therapy
How could CBD be used to help people who are struggling with addiction? If CBD can help to reduce stress and anxiety, it may be particularly beneficial in reducing the chance of relapse by decreasing these levels caused by cravings and environmental factors.
CBD and Opioid Addiction
One study also found that cravings were reduced in people with a history of heroin abuse, who were abstaining from relapse, after taking regular doses of CBD.
CBD and Cocaine Addiction
Similarly, CBD may help to reduce the cravings associated with cocaine and amphetamine abuse, although research supporting this is limited.
CBD and Alcohol Addiction
A common side effect of alcohol withdrawal is insomnia. Many people use CBD to help regulate sleep patterns and improve their ability to fall asleep. Managing a severe side effect may help to reduce the risk of relapse for people recovering from alcohol addiction.
CBD and Marijuana Addiction
Known as Marijuana Use Disorder, the heavy use of marijuana can result in dependence for the user, with side effects including mood swings, decreased appetite, sleep difficulties and restlessness. While CBD is present in cannabis, it is THC that seems to be responsible for these effects. CBD oil does not contain THC.
In one study published by NCBI, one individual who suffered from bi-polar disorder and a daily addiction to marijuana reported feeling less anxious and having a better sleep. He was also able to abstain from the use of marijuana.
Summary – Can CBD Be Used in Addiction Therapy?
Early studies suggest that there are promising indicators that CBD may be useful in treating addiction therapy, although much more research needs to be done to support these claims.
For more articles on CBD, take a look at our blog, including Can You Build a Tolerance to CBD? For high-potency, quality CBD oils and products, including CBD oils for sleep, please browse our website.